Changes in Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in India: Evidence from National Sample Surveys, 1983–2012

Despite becoming a global economic force, why does India win so few Olympic medals and have so many people living in poverty? Why have opportunities not become available more broadly? How can growing individuals assist with the task of building a growing economy? Krishna presents a refreshingly unusual perspective of emergent realities, drawing on the stories of everyday lives, of people like you and me and those less privileged. Through decades-long investigations, living in villages and slum communities, the author presents eye-opening details of missed opportunities and immense untapped talent that can be harnessed, with tremendous consequences for equity and growth. Offering possible solutions for inequality and those in need, The Broken Ladder is a comprehensive and fascinating account of development strategies in a fast-growing, yet largely agrarian, developing economy.

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Median filtering has been widely used in image processing for noise removal because it can significantly reduce the power of noise while limiting edge blurring. This filtering is still a challenging task in the case of three-dimensional images containing up to a billion of voxels, especially for large size filtering windows. The authors encountered the problem when applying median filter to speckle noise reduction in optical coherence tomography images acquired by the Spark OCT systems. In the paper a new approach to the GPU based median smoothing has been proposed, which uses two-step evaluation of local intensity histograms stored in the shared memory of a graphic device. The solution is able to output about 50 million voxels per second while processing the neighbourhood of 125 voxels by Quadro K6000 graphic card configured on the Kepler architecture.

A New Idea of Fast Three-Dimensional Median Filtering for Despeckling of Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population.




Design/methodology/approach




The study uses transition/mobility matrices and multiple mobility measures for examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among young females in India by using the data from the “India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs” from the year 2006 to 2007.




Findings




The study finds that intergenerational occupational mobility among the young women in India is about 71 percent, but surprisingly it is predominantly downwards. The urban areas have higher occupational mobility than the rural areas. However, upward intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among the young SC/ST women compared to the young women belonging to the “Others” caste category. Moreover, upward mobility in the economically and demographically poorer states is much lower than that of other states.




Originality/value




The present study is the only study which examines how women perform vis-a-vis their mothers in terms of occupational attainment in the Indian context.

Examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among Indian women

Given the relatively limited employment opportunities available within villages, the main vehicle for intergenerational occupational mobility for people in rural India is migration to urban or semi-urban areas. At the same time, since 69 per cent of India's population still lives in villages, it is important to examine and understand the level of intergenerational occupational mobility within villages themselves. This paper examines intergenerational occupational mobility among rural males in India using data from household surveys in ten villages in different agro-ecological regions of the country. The mobility matrix approach is applied to two father-son pairs: heads of households and their fathers and heads of households and co-resident adult sons. A four-fold occupational classification is used: big farmers, small farmers, skilled workers and persons engaged in business or salaried employment, and lastly, rural manual workers. The main finding of the paper is of low intergenerational occupational mobility in all ten villages, particularly among big farmers and rural manual workers. Intergenerational occupational immobility was higher among manual workers from Scheduled Castes than manual workers from Other Castes. Odds ratios showed that downward mobility from any occupation to that of manual worker was higher for Scheduled Caste men than men of Other Castes. The data strongly support the view that Scheduled Caste men who remain in villages are unable to move out of rural manual employment.

A. Bheemeshwar Reddy

Papers

Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Rural India: Evidence from Ten Villages