Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Trace elements in soils and plants

Acts in what Hutchinson (1965) has called the 'ecological theatre' are played out on various scales of space and time. To understand the drama, we must view it on the appropriate scale. Plant ecologists long ago recognized the importance of sampling scale in their descriptions of the dispersion or distribution of species (e.g. Greig-Smith, 1952). However, many ecologists have behaved as if patterns and the processes that produce them are insensitive to differences in scale and have designed their studies with little explicit attention to scale. Kareiva & Andersen (1988) surveyed nearly 100 field experiments in community ecology and found that half were conducted on plots no larger than 1 m in diameter, despite considerable differences in the sizes and types of organisms studied. Investigators addressing the same questions have often conducted their studies on quite different scales. Not surprisingly, their findings have not always matched, and arguments have ensued. The disagreements among conservation biologists over the optimal design of nature reserves (see Simberloff, 1988) are at least partly due to a failure to appreciate scaling differences among organisms. Controversies about the role of competition in structuring animal communities (Schoener, 1982; Wiens, 1983, 1989) or about the degree of coevolution in communities (Connell, 1980; Roughgarden, 1983) may reflect the

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2389612

Spatial Scaling in Ecology

Our understanding of plant mineral nutrition comes largely from studies of herbaceous crops that evolved from ruderal species characteristic of nutri­ ent-rich disturbed sites (52). With the development of agriculture, these ancestral species were bred for greater productivity and reproductive output at high nutrient levels where there was little selective advantage in efficient nutrient use. This paper briefly reviews the nature of crop responses to nutrient stress and compares these responses to those of species that have evolved under more natural conditions, particularly in low-nutrient envi­ ronments. I draw primarily upon nutritional studies of nitrogen and phos­ phorus because these elements most commonly limit plant growth and because their role in controlling plant growth and metabolism is most clearly understood (51). Other more specific aspects of nutritional plant ecology not discussed here include ammonium/nitrate nutrition (79), cal­ cicole/calcifuge nutrition (51,88), heavy metal tolerance (4), and serpentine ecology (133).

The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants

Fifteen or more elements present in rocks and soils normally in very small amounts are essential for plant and/or animal nutrition. By the nature of their low abundance in natural uncontaminated earth materials or plants, they are known as trace elements, minor elements or micro-nutrients. Boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, vanadium and zinc are required by plants; copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc by animals. In addition essential roles of arsenic, fluorine, nickel, silicon, tin and vanadium have in recent years been established in animal nutrition.

Trace Elements in Soils and Plants

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the literature on those plants and micro-organisms which can combat excessive quantities of heavy metal ions. Heavy metals include those metals which have density greater than five. Their common feature in regard to biological life is that in excessive quantities they are poisonous and can cause death of most living organisms. However, certain organisms possess an ability to survive under conditions of metal contamination which can prove toxic to other living things. Toxic levels of heavy metals can occur under several circumstances. The chapter focuses on the type of contamination in which the soil itself contains large quantities of these metals. The contamination results from the presence of undisturbed metal ore near the soil surface causing anomalies or from the actual mining of ore bodies. The vegetation in such areas is influenced by one overriding factor, namely, metal concentration. The habitats are usually spatially distinct and clear cut. It is observed that the sequence and pattern of genetic change responsible for colonization of metal-contaminated areas serves as a unique record of natural selection in action.

Heavy metal tolerance in plants

Restoration of mined lands—using natural processes

SEVERAL previous papers in this series have been concerned with the evolution of differences between tolerant and non-tolerant populations of grasses growing over the boundaries of mine tip and pasture soils (Jam and Bradshaw, 1966, McNeilly and Antonovics, 1968, Antonovics, 1968a). Metal tolerant plants differ both physiologically and morphologically from normal plants in several features other than tolerance. Differences in calcium and phosphate response are recorded by Jowett (1959) and McNeilly (1966); Turner (1967) has shown differences in sulphur response; and Schwanitz and Hahn (1 954a, 1 954b) showed from a study of a range of plant species grown under standard conditions that in general tolerant plants had smaller flowers, smaller leaves and thinner stems. This was confirmed for Silene inflata by Broker (1963) who concluded from segregating progenies that dwarfness was not linked to tolerance and had probably been selected independently. Similarly, morphological differences have been recorded in the grass Agrostis tenuis on lead mines (Bradshaw, 1959; Jowett, 1964) and copper mines (McNeiIly, 1966). The morphological characters of plants of the grass Anthoxant hum odoratum L. taken from sites along a transect across a mine/pasture boundary were investigated with three main points in view.

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A. D. Bradshaw

Papers

Heavy metal tolerance in plants

Restoration of mined lands—using natural processes

Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations VIII. Clinal patterns at a mine boundary

The use of natural processes in reclamation : advantages and difficulties

The restoration of land