3D
: three-dimensional
AIDS
: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
b.i.d.
: bis in die (twice daily)
BCNIE
: blood culture-negative infective endocarditis
CDRIE
: cardiac device-related infective endocarditis
CHD
: congenital heart disease
CIED
: cardiac implantable electronic device

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2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis

Background— Infective endocarditis is a potentially lethal disease that has undergone major changes in both host and pathogen. The epidemiology of infective endocarditis has become more complex wit...

Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association

Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009).

/pdf/guidelines-on-the-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-4wglwiwvag.pdf

Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009)

Authors/Task Force Members: Gilbert Habib* (Chairperson) (France), Patrizio Lancellotti* (co-Chairperson) (Belgium), Manuel J. Antunes (Portugal), Maria Grazia Bongiorni (Italy), Jean-Paul Casalta (France), Francesco Del Zotti (Italy), Raluca Dulgheru (Belgium), Gebrine El Khoury (Belgium), Paola Anna Erba (Italy), Bernard Iung (France), Jose M. Miro (Spain), Barbara J. Mulder (The Netherlands), Edyta Plonska-Gosciniak (Poland), Susanna Price (UK), Jolien Roos-Hesselink (The Netherlands), Ulrika Snygg-Martin (Sweden), Franck Thuny (France), Pilar Tornos Mas (Spain), Isidre Vilacosta (Spain), and Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain)

2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Background. Observational studies showed that the profile of infective endocarditis (IE) significantly changed over the past decades. However, most studies involved referral centers. We conducted a population-based study to control for this referral bias. The objective was to update the description of characteristics of IE in France and to compare the profile of community-acquired versus healthcare-associated IE. Methods. A prospective population-based observational study conducted in all medical facilities from 7 French regions (32% of French individuals aged $18 years) identified 497 adults with Duke-Li‐definite IE who were first admitted to the hospital in 2008. Main measures included age-standardized and sex-standardized incidence of IE and multivariate Cox regression analysis for risk factors of in-hospital death. Results. The age-standardized and sex-standardized annual incidence of IE was 33.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.8‐36.9) cases per million inhabitants. The incidence was highest in men aged 75‐79 years. A majority of patients had no previously known heart disease. Staphylococci were the most common causal agents, accounting for 36.2% of cases (Staphylococcus aureus, 26.6%; coagulase-negative staphylococci, 9.7%). Healthcare-associated IE represented 26.7% of all cases and exhibited a clinical pattern significantly different from that of communityacquired IE. S. aureus as the causal agent of IE was the most important factor associated with in-hospital death in community-acquired IE (hazard ratio [HR], 2.82 [95% CI, 1.72‐4.61]) and the single factor in healthcare-associated IE (HR, 2.54 [95% CI, 1.33‐4.85]). Conclusions. S. aureus became both the leading cause and the most important prognostic factor of IE, and healthcare-associated IE appeared as a major subgroup of the disease.

/pdf/preeminence-of-staphylococcus-aureus-in-infective-12tkya4c5a.pdf

Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in Infective Endocarditis: A 1-Year Population-Based Survey

Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis

Referral bias occurs because of the clustering of patients at tertiary care centers. This may result in the distortion of observed clinical manifestations of rare diseases. This analysis evaluates the effect of referral bias on the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS). This is a prospective multicenter cohort study comparing transferred and non-transferred patients with IE. Factors independently associated with transfer status were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. A total of 2,760 patients were included in the analysis, of which 1,164 (42.2%) were transferred from other medical centers. Transferred patients more often underwent surgery for IE (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-3.2). They were also more likely to have complications such as stroke (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.9), heart failure (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.6), and new valvular regurgitation (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.1-1.6). The in-hospital mortality rates were similar in both groups. Patients with IE who require surgery and suffer complications are referred to tertiary hospitals more frequently than patients with an uncomplicated course. Hospital transfer has no obvious effect on the in-hospital mortality. Referral bias should be taken into consideration when describing the clinical spectrum of IE.

A De Oliveira Ramos

Papers

Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis

Revisiting the effect of referral bias on the clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis in adults.