Controlling the structure of thermoelectric materials on all length scales (atomic, nanoscale and mesoscale) relevant for phonon scattering makes it possible to increase the dimensionless figure of merit to more than two, which could allow for the recovery of a significant fraction of waste heat with which to produce electricity.

High-performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale hierarchical architectures

Recently a significant figure-of-merit (ZT) improvement in the most-studied existing thermoelectric materials has been achieved by creating nanograins and nanostructures in the grains using the combination of high-energy ball milling and a direct-current-induced hot-press process. Thermoelectric transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and theoretical modeling, show that the ZT improvement is the result of low lattice thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and structural defects. In this article, the synthesis process and the relationship between the microstructures and the thermoelectric properties of the nanostructured thermoelectric bulk materials with an enhanced ZT value are reviewed. It is expected that the nanostructured materials described here will be useful for a variety of applications such as waste heat recovery, solar energy conversion, and environmentally friendly refrigeration.

Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure-of-Merit by a Bulk Nanostructuring Approach

The peak dimensionless thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) of Bi2Te3-based n-type single crystals is about 085 in the ab plane at room temperature, which has not been improved over the last 50 years due to the high thermal conductivity of 165 W m−1 K−1 even though the power factor is 47 × 10−4 W m−1 K−2 In samples with random grain orientations, we found that the thermal conductivity can be decreased by making grain size smaller through ball milling and hot pressing, but the power factor decreased with a similar percentage, resulting in no gain in ZT Reorienting the ab planes of the small crystals by repressing the as-pressed samples enhanced the peak ZT from 085 to 104 at about 125 °C, a 22% improvement, mainly due to the more increase on power factor than on thermal conductivity Further improvement is expected when the ab plane of most of the small crystals is reoriented to the direction perpendicular to the press direction and grains are made even smaller

https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/physics/pdf/Ren/225%20Nano%20Lett%2010%203373-3378%202010.pdf

Experimental Studies on Anisotropic Thermoelectric Properties and Structures of n-Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3

Recent advances in thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectrics are being rapidly developed for waste heat recovery applications, particularly in automobiles, to reduce carbon emissions. PbTe-based materials with small ( 1.5 at 775 K.

High Thermoelectric Performance in PbTe Due to Large Nanoscale Ag2Te Precipitates and La Doping

The mechanism for phonon scattering by nanostructures and by point defects in nanostructured silicon (Si) and the silicon germanium (Ge) alloy and their thermoelectric properties are investigated. We found that the thermal conductivity is reduced by a factor of 10 in nanostructured Si in comparison with bulk crystalline Si. However, nanosize interfaces are not as effective as point defects in scattering phonons with wavelengths shorter than 1 nm. We further found that a $5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{at}.\text{ }%$ Ge replacing Si is very efficient in scattering phonons shorter than 1 nm, resulting in a further thermal conductivity reduction by a factor of 2, thereby leading to a thermoelectric figure of merit 0.95 for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{95}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{5}$, similar to that of large grained ${\mathrm{Si}}_{80}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}$ alloys.

/pdf/increased-phonon-scattering-by-nanograins-and-point-defects-2l03mqs7op.pdf

A. Pillitteri

Papers

Increased Phonon Scattering by Nanograins and Point Defects in Nanostructured Silicon with a Low Concentration of Germanium

Increased Phonon Scattering by Nanograins and Point Defects in Nanostructured Silicon with a Low Concentration of Germanium