Author
A.V. Rao
Bio: A.V. Rao is an academic researcher from University of Toronto. The author has contributed to research in topics: Glycemic index & Glycemic. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 11 publications receiving 1324 citations.
Topics: Glycemic index, Glycemic, Intestinal absorption, Starch, Blood lipids
Papers
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TL;DR: Six healthy male volunteers underwent 2-wk metabolically controlled high-glycemic-index (GI) and low-GI diets in random order and results are of interest with respect to the effect that prolonged postprandial reductions in nutrient fluxes and insulin secretion may have on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and renal function.
309 citations
TL;DR: Factors associated with unprocessed wheat flour, such as the natural starch-protein interaction, may be important in wheat products in reducing both their rate of absorption and glycemic response.
227 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary procedure for the microencapsulation of bifidobacteria with cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), using phase separation-coacervation was developed and microbiological analyses indicated that microencapped B. pseudolongum survived the simulated gastric environment in larger numbers than non-encapsulated B. pseudo longum.
Abstract: A preliminary procedure for the microencapsulation of bifidobacteria with cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), using phase separation-coacervation was developed. In vitro studies were con ducted on microencapsulated Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, to determine the effect of gastric and intestinal pH on the release of the bacteria by sequential incubation in simulated gastric and intestinal juices, without enzymes. Microbiological analyses indicated that microencapsulated B. pseudolongum survived the simulated gastric environment in larger numbers than non-encapsulated B. pseudo longum.
210 citations
TL;DR: In vitro digestion with human saliva showed the rate of sugars released from the food related positively to the blood glucose rise, highlighting the importance of processing in determining digestibility and hence the glycemic response to a food.
195 citations
TL;DR: Day-long breath hydrogen concentrations did not increase after 1 wk on propionate bread but methane production increased in the three methane producers, and five subjects showed reduced high-density-lipoprotein and increased triglyceride concentrations, which correlated with increased fecal weight.
184 citations
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the role of SCFAs in host energy metabolism, starting from the production by the gut microbiota to the uptake by the host and ending with the effects on host metabolism.
3,040 citations
TL;DR: More human studies are now needed on SCFAs, especially, given the diverse nature of carbohydrate substrates and the SCFA patterns resulting from their fermentation, which will be key to the success of dietary recommendations to maximize colonic disease prevention.
Abstract: Interest has been recently rekindled in short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with the emergence of prebiotics and probiotics aimed at improving colonic and systemic health Dietary carbohydrates, specifically resistant starches and dietary fiber, are substrates for fermentation that produce SCFAs, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, as end products The rate and amount of SCFA production depends on the species and amounts of microflora present in the colon, the substrate source and gut transit time SCFAs are readily absorbed Butyrate is the major energy source for colonocytes Propionate is largely taken up by the liver Acetate enters the peripheral circulation to be metabolized by peripheral tissues Specific SCFA may reduce the risk of developing gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease Acetate is the principal SCFA in the colon, and after absorption it has been shown to increase cholesterol synthesis However, propionate, a gluconeogenerator, has been shown to inhibit cholesterol synthesis Therefore, substrates that can decrease the acetate: propionate ratio may reduce serum lipids and possibly cardiovascular disease risk Butyrate has been studied for its role in nourishing the colonic mucosa and in the prevention of cancer of the colon, by promoting cell differentiation, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of transformed colonocytes; inhibiting the enzyme histone deacetylase and decreasing the transformation of primary to secondary bile acids as a result of colonic acidification Therefore, a greater increase in SCFA production and potentially a greater delivery of SCFA, specifically butyrate, to the distal colon may result in a protective effect Butyrate irrigation (enema) has also been suggested in the treatment of colitis More human studies are now needed, especially, given the diverse nature of carbohydrate substrates and the SCFA patterns resulting from their fermentation Short-term and long-term human studies are particularly required on SCFAs in relation to markers of cancer risk These studies will be key to the success of dietary recommendations to maximize colonic disease prevention
2,314 citations
TL;DR: The evolutionary collision of the authors' ancient genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization.
2,120 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that diets with a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber content increase risk of diabetes in women is supported and grains should be consumed in a minimally refined form to reduce the incidence of diabetes.
Abstract: Objective. —To examine prospectively the relationship between glycemic diets, low fiber intake, and risk of non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Desing. —Cohort study. Setting. —In 1986, a total of 65173 US women 40 to 65 years of age and free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes completed a detailed dietary questionnaire from which we calculated usual intake of total and specific sources of dietary fiber, dietary glycemic index, and glycemic load. Main Outcome Measure. —Non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Results. —During 6 years of follow-up, 915 incident cases of diabetes were documented. The dietary glycemic index was positively associated with risk of diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol and cereal fiber intake, and total energy intake. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintile, the relative risk (RR) of diabetes was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.71, P trend=.005). The glycemic load (an indicator of a global dietary insulin demand) was also positively associated with diabetes (RR=1.47; 95% CI, 1.16-1.86, P trend=.003). Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with risk of diabetes when comparing the extreme quintiles (RR=0.72,95% CI, 0.58-0.90, P trend=.001). The combination of a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber intake further increased the risk of diabetes (RR=2.50, 95% CI, 1.14-5.51) when compared with a low glycemic load and high cereal fiber intake. Conclusions. —Our results support the hypothesis that diets with a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber content increase risk of diabetes in women. Further, they suggest that grains should be consumed in a minimally refined form to reduce the incidence of diabetes.
1,770 citations
TL;DR: The physiological effects of the glycemic index and the relevance of these effects in preventing and treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are examined.
Abstract: The glycemic index was proposed in 1981 as an alternative system for classifying carbohydrate-containing food. Since then, several hundred scientific articles and numerous popular diet books have been published on the topic. However, the clinical significance of the glycemic index remains the subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological effects of the glycemic index and the relevance of these effects in preventing and treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
1,682 citations