Abdul Razak

Bio: Abdul Razak is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Graduate unemployment & Small business. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 89 citations.

Relationship between psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination: a case study of students at university tun abdul razak (unitar)

Abstract: Interest in entrepreneurship is intense in many parts of the world. For developed economies, entrepreneurial activity (new venture formation) is a means of revitalizing economy, a way of coping with unemployment problems, a potential catalyst and incubator for technological progress, product and market innovation. For economies of developing countries, entrepreneurship is seen as an engine of economic progress, job creation and social adjustment. Thus, small business growth/new business formation is widely encouraged by national economic policies to stimulate economic growth and wealth creation. As Malaysia entered the twenty first century, interest and concerns on the subject of entrepreneurship heightened among others by the government’s enormous funding allocation towards the promotion of entrepreneurship especially for small and medium enterprises, the issue of graduate unemployment which has risen to approximately sixty thousand (60,000) according to a Bernama report and the attitude of current graduates who are seen to be too pampered and dependent on the government and private organizations for employment. It is time to further examine whether our existing university students are inclined towards entrepreneurship. This study investigates the degree to which UNITAR students are inclined towards entrepreneurship. 361 students from three faculties at both graduate and undergraduate levels were surveyed to examine their entrepreneurial inclination and also to look into the relationship between certain psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination. Further analysis is reported and recommendation for future research has been put forth in this paper.

The Achieving Society

Abstract: Examines the motivation for achievement as a psychological factor that shapes economic development. Refuting arguments based on race, climate, or population growth, the book instead argues for cultural customs and motivations - especially the motivation for achievement - as the major catalysts of economic growth. Considering the Protestant Reformation, the rise of capitalism, parents' influences on sons, and folklore and children's stories as shaping cultural motivations for achievement, the book hypothesizes that a high level of achievement motivation precedes economic growth. This is supported through qualitative analysis of the achievement motive, as well as of other psychological factors - including entrepreneurial behavior and characteristics, and available sources of achievement in past and present highly achieving societies. It is the achievement motive - and not merely the profit motive or the desire for material gain - that has advanced societies economically. Consequently, individuals are not merely products of their environment, as many social scientists have asserted, but also creators of the environment, as they manipulate it in various ways in the search for achievement. Finally, a plan is hypothesized to accelerate economic growth in developing countries, by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries. The conclusion is not just that motivations shape economic progress, but that current influences on future people's motivations and values will determine economic growth in the long run. Thus, it is most beneficial for a society to concentrate its resources on creating an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and a strong ideological base for achievement. (CJC)

Entrepreneurship theories and Empirical research: A Summary Review of the Literature

Abstract: Entrepreneurship theories and research remain important to the development of the entrepreneurship field This paper examines six entrepreneurship theories with underlying empirical studies These are: (1) Economic entrepreneurship theory, (2) Psychological entrepreneurship theory (3) Sociological entrepreneurship theory, (4) Anthropological entrepreneurship theory (5) Opportunity-Based entrepreneurship theory, and (6) Resource-Based entrepreneurship theory These theories offer us a fairly good opportunity to refocus our efforts at integrating the diverse viewpoints

Determinants of Students' Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Evidence from Business Graduates

Abstract: In hard times when educated persons can’t get jobs, it is becoming challenge for states. It is rather harder for least and under developed countries, like Pakistan, where governments are not having sufficient resources to support the unemployed workforce. Self employment and Entrepreneurship is referred as the best solution. But entrepreneurship is not the function that might be outcome of simple efforts. It requires a regular and permanent attitude as part of personality. Attitude can be based on personality traits and demographic characteristics; it can also be reshaped with education. This research aims to study the impact of personal traits, demographic characteristics and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students of Pakistan. This research will be a value addition in Pakistani scenario as it will provide knowledge base for entrepreneurship in the country. Out of the entrepreneurial traits, Innovativeness is considered to be one of the core traits of entrepreneurs and is widely discussed by researchers. Data was collected from the sample of 276 university students. Results show strong relation between innovativeness and entrepreneurial intentions, however some demographical characteristics i.e. Gender and age, were insignificant with the intentions to become entrepreneurs, but prior experience, family exposure to business and level of exposure inclines students to become entrepreneur.

Facultad latinoamericana de ciencias sociales

Abstract: The research herein presented explores the relationship between political pluralism as a constitutional principle and the possibility, if such, of making such pluralism effective by the Mexican judiciary, specifically by the Mexican Supreme Court, per the constitutional powers that were given to parliamentary minorities and partisan minorities to challenge before it in “Accion de Inconstitucionalidad” (unconstitutional law challenges). It explores the influence that the different understandings of democracy have taken in these matters, from democracy as majority, democracy as pluralism and deliberative democracy. Approaching judicial behavior and case law observed by the Supreme Court in these filings, we seek to shape the judicial protection or enforcement of political minorities.