This paper proposes a method of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays. The main objective is to find the parameters of the nonlinear I-V equation by adjusting the curve at three points: open circuit, maximum power, and short circuit. Given these three points, which are provided by all commercial array data sheets, the method finds the best I-V equation for the single-diode photovoltaic (PV) model including the effect of the series and parallel resistances, and warranties that the maximum power of the model matches with the maximum power of the real array. With the parameters of the adjusted I-V equation, one can build a PV circuit model with any circuit simulator by using basic math blocks. The modeling method and the proposed circuit model are useful for power electronics designers who need a simple, fast, accurate, and easy-to-use modeling method for using in simulations of PV systems. In the first pages, the reader will find a tutorial on PV devices and will understand the parameters that compose the single-diode PV model. The modeling method is then introduced and presented in details. The model is validated with experimental data of commercial PV arrays.

Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays

This ebook is the first authorized digital version of Kernighan and Ritchie's 1988 classic, The C Programming Language (2nd Ed.). One of the best-selling programming books published in the last fifty years, "K&R" has been called everything from the "bible" to "a landmark in computer science" and it has influenced generations of programmers. Available now for all leading ebook platforms, this concise and beautifully written text is a "must-have" reference for every serious programmers digital library.

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this "is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help."

The C programming language

In linear IC's fabricated in a low-voltage CMOS technology, the reduction of the dynamic range due to the dc offset and low frequency noise of the amplifiers becomes increasingly significant. Also, the achievable amplifier gain is often quite low in such a technology, since cascoding may not be a practical circuit option due to the resulting reduction of the output signal swing. In this paper, some old and some new circuit techniques are described for the compensation of the amplifier's most important nonideal effects including the noise (mainly thermal and 1/f noise), the input-referred dc offset voltage as well as the finite gain resulting in a nonideal virtual ground at the input.

Circuit techniques for reducing the effects of op-amp imperfections: autozeroing, correlated double sampling, and chopper stabilization

A recent publication [l] introduced the concept of current conveying and an implementation in the form of a circuit building block termed the current conveyor (CC). This block has proven to be useful in many inst.rumentation applications, some of which have already been test)ed and reported [2], [3], while others are still under investigation. This correspondence introduces another new building block embodying the current conveying concept, but with different and more versatile terminal characteristics. This new block is considered to be a secondgeneration current conveyor,1 and h.ence is termed CC II.2 Application of CC II to the areas of active network synthesis and analog computation will be considered..

A second-generation current conveyor and its applications

The author examines the practical design criteria for implementing oversampled analog/digital converters based on second-order sigma-delta ( Sigma Delta ) modulation. Behavioral models that include representation of various circuit impairments are established for each of the functional building blocks comprising a second-order Sigma 2gD modulator. Extensive simulations based on these models are then used to establish the major design criteria for each of the building blocks. As an example, these criteria are applied to the design of a modulator that has been integrated in a 3- mu m CMOS technology. An experimental prototype operates from a single 5-V supply, dissipates 12 mW, occupies an area of 0.77 mm/sup 2/, and has achieved a measured dynamic range of 89 dB. >

The design of sigma-delta modulation analog-to-digital converters

A new circuit concept applicable to a basic building block in a variety of instrumentation and communication systems is introduced. The new concept is called current conveying and its implementation a current conveyor.

The current conveyor&#8212;A new circuit building block

Microelectronic circuits, 2nd ed.

This letter proposes an entirely new method for performing analogue signal filtering. All circuits are based upon current amplifiers but derived from well-known voltage amplifier circuits. These circuits possess the same sensitivity properties as their voltage amplifier counterparts. However, it is expected that these circuits will operate at higher signal bandwidths, with greater linearity, and have larger dynamic range than their voltage-based circuit counterparts.

All current-mode frequency selective circuits

With the growing interest in current-mode analogue circuits, an historical account of the invention of the current conveyor is given. Some observations are made on the progress in its realisation and application over the past two decades. New results on the monolithic implementation of the current conveyor are presented.<
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Adel S. Sedra

Papers

A second-generation current conveyor and its applications

The current conveyor—A new circuit building block

Microelectronic circuits, 2nd ed.

All current-mode frequency selective circuits

The current conveyor: history, progress and new results

Adel S. Sedra

Papers

A second-generation current conveyor and its applications

The current conveyor&#8212;A new circuit building block

Microelectronic circuits, 2nd ed.

All current-mode frequency selective circuits

The current conveyor: history, progress and new results

The current conveyor—A new circuit building block