Advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) and aviation sector have resulted in the emergence of smart airports. Services and systems powered by the IoT enable smart airports to have enhanced robustness, efficiency and control, governed by real-time monitoring and analytics. Smart sensors control the environmental conditions inside the airport, automate passenger-related actions and support airport security. However, these augmentations and automation introduce security threats to network systems of smart airports. Cyber-attackers demonstrated the susceptibility of IoT systems and networks to Advanced Persistent Threats (APT), due to hardware constraints, software flaws or IoT misconfigurations. With the increasing complexity of attacks, it is imperative to safeguard IoT networks of smart airports and ensure reliability of services, as cyber-attacks can have tremendous consequences such as disrupting networks, cancelling travel, or stealing sensitive information. There is a need to adopt and develop new Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled cyber-defence techniques for smart airports, which will address the challenges brought about by the incorporation of IoT systems to the airport business processes, and the constantly evolving nature of contemporary cyber-attacks. In this study, we present a holistic review of existing smart airport applications and services enabled by IoT sensors and systems. Additionally, we investigate several types of cyber defence tools including AI and data mining techniques, and analyse their strengths and weaknesses in the context of smart airports. Furthermore, we provide a classification of smart airport sub-systems based on their purpose and criticality and address cyber threats that can affect the security of smart airport’s networks.

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A Holistic Review of Cybersecurity and Reliability Perspectives in Smart Airports

The advent of IoTs has catalyzed the development of a variety of cyber-physical systems in which hundreds of sensor-actuator enabled devices (including industrial IoTs) cooperatively interact with the physical and human worlds. However, due to the large volume and heterogeneity of data generated by such systems and the stringent time requirements of industrial applications, the design of efficient frameworks to store, monitor and analyze the IoT data is quite challenging. This paper proposes an industrial IoT architectural framework that allows data offloading between the cloud and the edge. Specifically, we use this framework for telemetry of a set of heterogeneous sensors attached to a scale replica of an industrial assembly plant. We also design an anomaly detection algorithm that exploits deep learning techniques to assess the working conditions of the plant. Experimental results show that the proposed anomaly detector is able to detect 99% of the anomalies occurred in the industrial system demonstrating the feasibility of our approach.

A Novel Data Collection Framework for Telemetry and Anomaly Detection in Industrial IoT Systems

A compact and wideband microstrip rat-race coupler employing two-section ring and artificial transmission lines (ATLs) is reported in this paper. The bandwidth is highly improved by using a two-section rat-race coupler. The physical size of the planar circuit is reduced based on the substitution of the microstrip line with an ATL. The area of the proposed design footprint is 35% of the area of the conventional similar design. The proposed coupler operates over a frequency range of 0.9 GHz to 1.85 GHz. In the desired band, the maximum measured amplitude imbalance is 0.6 dB, the phase variation is ± 7°, and the measured return loss is greater than 15 dB with isolation better than 20 dB. The prototype has been fabricated and measured, and the results are compared with the simulated data to validate the theory.

A compact and wideband rat-race coupler using two-section ring and artificial transmission lines

This paper uses Linkit Smart 7688 Duo development board developed by MediaTek as the core of the overall IoT gateway system design, which compares other development boards and IoT gateways on the market. Smart 7688 Duo development board is about 40% lower in price than Raspberry Pi, and the hardware CPU clock is higher than NEXCOM NIO 51 gateway. This implementation provides a low-cost and highly customizable solution that allows system integrators to more effectively provide their customers with the most appropriate IT services. The proposed IoT gateway design utilizes the Linkit Smart 7688 Duo with MIPS and MCU dual-core chip, Arduino development environment and industrial protocol Modbus to design the data transfer of each sensor in the peripheral system. The IoT gateway obtains the sensor data and transmits it to the server using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The data acquisition accuracy of the developed MCU program was measured with 2 sensors of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane (CH4). The overall system architecture and peripheral systems are designed to realize the IoT gateway taking into account the internal heat dissipation and module wiring, and also the appearance of the chassis is designed to carry the IoT gateway system, so as to achieve a high-quality product prototype that is accurate, economical, and customizable.

Design and Implementation of Hardware and Peripheral System for IoT Gateway

Trends like Industry 4.0 will pose new challenges for future industrial networks. Greater interconnectedness, higher data volumes as well as new requirements for speeds as well as security will make new approaches necessary. Performance optimized networking techniques will be demanded to implement new use cases, like network separation and isolation, in a secure fashion. A new and highly efficient protocol, that will be vital for that purpose, is MACsec. It is a Layer 2 encryption protocol that was previously extended specifically for industrial environments. Yet, it lacks the ability to bridge local networks. Therefore, in this work, we propose a secure and efficient Layer 3 tunneling scheme for MACsec. We design and implement two approaches, that are equally secure and considerably outperform comparable state-of-the-art technique techniques.

Secure and Efficient Tunneling of MACsec for Modern Industrial Use Cases

IoT gateway acts as a connection between two different networks namely the sensor network and the traditional network which is why its role and significance is of much importance. The paper will aim to configure smart gateway systems with increased flexibility of configuration which can adapt to different application requirements such as in [5], [7] and [8]. It would also provide techniques to improve the overall functioning of the system by reducing the development cycle, costs, and difficulty and also provide more ease in new applications to be applied.With exponential rise in demand of internet of things (IoT) [9][10][12] , a surge in utilization of ubiquitous connectivity to combine different types of networks, which can be an ad-hoc network along with Zigbee, cable, wireless LAN and so on[3] [4] There are many standard programs where the need of a smart gateway has been realized to increase the data rate, support end-to-end connectivity for applications like intelligent transportation, medical support, environmental monitoring, smart home, industry control etc. where the utilization of bandwidth of multi-hop networks is higher amongst the heterogeneous networks. This project proposes a singular easy to configure smart IoT gateway which comprises of three important advantages. Firstly, it has uniform user interface which is suitable for pliable software development. Secondly, the gateway consist of detachable architecture, where there can be customization for devices with extraordinary communication [8] methods and can also be attached in accordance with various network systems. Lastly, it provides flexibility by translating protocols to end number of sensor data accurately into a homogenous format which is better in comparison to earlier research. [1] The gateway provides enhanced flexibility, adaptability, and efficient cost cutting. The paper includes a scrupulous analysis of the data which would be acquired through multiple sensors and processes it in accordance to the requirement and its suitable application.

Design and implementation of an industrial gateway: Bridging sensor networks into IoT

A miniaturized rat-race coupler operating at a frequency of 5.8 GHz encompassing harmonic suppressions is proposed. In order to reduce the overall size and to improve the performance of the coupler, the quarter wavelength transmission lines are replaced by their equivalent stub loaded lines. The electrical length corresponding to the minimum harmonics that miniaturize the rat-race coupler are compared. A comparative analysis of area of the coupler with different electrical lengths is carried out using AWR Design Environment.

Aditi khandelwal

Papers

Design and implementation of an industrial gateway: Bridging sensor networks into IoT

Design and analysis of rat race coupler at C band