Manufacturing industry profoundly impact economic and societal progress. As being a commonly accepted term for research centers and universities, the Industry 4.0 initiative has received a splendid attention of the business and research community. Although the idea is not new and was on the agenda of academic research in many years with different perceptions, the term “Industry 4.0” is just launched and well accepted to some extend not only in academic life but also in the industrial society as well. While academic research focuses on understanding and defining the concept and trying to develop related systems, business models and respective methodologies, industry, on the other hand, focuses its attention on the change of industrial machine suits and intelligent products as well as potential customers on this progress. It is therefore important for the companies to primarily understand the features and content of the Industry 4.0 for potential transformation from machine dominant manufacturing to digital manufacturing. In order to achieve a successful transformation, they should clearly review their positions and respective potentials against basic requirements set forward for Industry 4.0 standard. This will allow them to generate a well-defined road map. There has been several approaches and discussions going on along this line, a several road maps are already proposed. Some of those are reviewed in this paper. However, the literature clearly indicates the lack of respective assessment methodologies. Since the implementation and applications of related theorems and definitions outlined for the 4th industrial revolution is not mature enough for most of the reel life implementations, a systematic approach for making respective assessments and evaluations seems to be urgently required for those who are intending to speed this transformation up. It is now main responsibility of the research community to developed technological infrastructure with physical systems, management models, business models as well as some well-defined Industry 4.0 scenarios in order to make the life for the practitioners easy. It is estimated by the experts that the Industry 4.0 and related progress along this line will have an enormous effect on social life. As outlined in the introduction, some social transformation is also expected. It is assumed that the robots will be more dominant in manufacturing, implanted technologies, cooperating and coordinating machines, self-decision-making systems, autonom problem solvers, learning machines, 3D printing etc. will dominate the production process. Wearable internet, big data analysis, sensor based life, smart city implementations or similar applications will be the main concern of the community. This social transformation will naturally trigger the manufacturing society to improve their manufacturing suits to cope with the customer requirements and sustain competitive advantage. A summary of the potential progress along this line is reviewed in introduction of the paper. It is so obvious that the future manufacturing systems will have a different vision composed of products, intelligence, communications and information network. This will bring about new business models to be dominant in industrial life. Another important issue to take into account is that the time span of this so-called revolution will be so short triggering a continues transformation process to yield some new industrial areas to emerge. This clearly puts a big pressure on manufacturers to learn, understand, design and implement the transformation process. Since the main motivation for finding the best way to follow this transformation, a comprehensive literature review will generate a remarkable support. This paper presents such a review for highlighting the progress and aims to help improve the awareness on the best experiences. It is intended to provide a clear idea for those wishing to generate a road map for digitizing the respective manufacturing suits. By presenting this review it is also intended to provide a hands-on library of Industry 4.0 to both academics as well as industrial practitioners. The top 100 headings, abstracts and key words (i.e. a total of 619 publications of any kind) for each search term were independently analyzed in order to ensure the reliability of the review process. Note that, this exhaustive literature review provides a concrete definition of Industry 4.0 and defines its six design principles such as interoperability, virtualization, local, real-time talent, service orientation and modularity. It seems that these principles have taken the attention of the scientists to carry out more variety of research on the subject and to develop implementable and appropriate scenarios. A comprehensive taxonomy of Industry 4.0 can also be developed through analyzing the results of this review.

Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies

A roadmap for security challenges in the Internet of Things

With the development of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology, various types of information, such as social resources and physical resources, are deeply integrated for different comprehensive applications. Social networking, car networking, medical services, video surveillance, and other forms of the IoT information service model gradually change people’s daily lives. Facing the vast amounts of IoT information data, the IoT search technology is used to quickly find accurate information to meet the real-time search needs of users. However, IoT search requires using a large amount of user private information, such as personal health information, location information, and social relations information, to provide personalized services. Employing private information from users will encounter security problems if an effective access control mechanism is missing during the IoT search process. An access control mechanism can effectively monitor the access activities of resources and ensure that authorized users access information resources under legitimate conditions. This survey examines the growing literature on access control for an IoT search. Problems and challenges of access control mechanisms are analyzed to facilitate the adoption of access control solutions in real-life settings. This article aims to provide theoretical, methodological, and technical guidance for IoT search access control mechanisms in large-scale dynamic heterogeneous environments. Based on a literature review, we also analyzed the future development direction of access control in the age of IoT.

A Survey on Access Control in the Age of Internet of Things

The 21st century has seen rapid changes in technology, industry, and social patterns. Most industries have moved towards automation, and human intervention has decreased, which has led to a revolution in industries, named the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0) relies heavily on the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). IoT and WSN are used in various control systems, including environmental monitoring, home automation, and chemical/biological attack detection. IoT devices and applications are used to process extracted data from WSN devices and transmit them to remote locations. This systematic literature review offers a wide range of information on Industry 4.0, finds research gaps, and recommends future directions. Seven research questions are addressed in this article: (i) What are the contributions of WSN in IR 4.0? (ii) What are the contributions of IoT in IR 4.0? (iii) What are the types of WSN coverage areas for IR 4.0? (iv) What are the major types of network intruders in WSN and IoT systems? (v) What are the prominent network security attacks in WSN and IoT? (vi) What are the significant issues in IoT and WSN frameworks? and (vii) What are the limitations and research gaps in the existing work? This study mainly focuses on research solutions and new techniques to automate Industry 4.0. In this research, we analyzed over 130 articles from 2014 until 2021. This paper covers several aspects of Industry 4.0, from the designing phase to security needs, from the deployment stage to the classification of the network, the difficulties, challenges, and future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2087/pdf?version=1646828497

Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things Frameworks in the Industry Revolution 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review

Computational complexity of public key cryptography over sensor nodes is not anymore a blocking concern in modern devices which natively (and efficiently) support elliptic curve cryptography. The problem has rather shifted toward the significant airtime consumption required to exchange multiple messages and certificates so as to perform authentication and key agreement. This letter addresses such problem by exploiting implicit certificates (elliptic curve Qu-Vanstone). We specifically propose a novel key management protocol (KMP) which suitably integrates implicit certificates with a standard elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman exchange, and performs authentication and key derivation. As confirmed by a proof-of-concept implementation and relevant experimental results, the proposed KMP guarantees maximal airtime savings (up to 86.7%) with respect to conventional approaches, robust key negotiation, fast rekeying, and efficient protection against replay attacks.

Public Key Authentication and Key Agreement in IoT Devices With Minimal Airtime Consumption

This chapter focuses on access control, authentication techniques, and their related aspects with respect to the Internet of Things (IoT). Access control is for managing interaction and communication between users and systems. Authentication is a way of proving the identity of an entity and implemented on various layers of the IoT framework, e.g., physical or perception layer, transportation, and application layer. In the context of IoT, access control and authentication must address the issues of heterogeneity and scalability in addition to the energy and efficiency issues. The primary focus of this chapter is to target the connectivity of IoT devices. We start with the description of communication architecture of IoT, keeping security concerns in mind. For detailed comprehension, security aspects are discussed for each layer of IoT including RFID and sensor networks to traditional server-based computing. To understand the requirements of IoT systems, we compare the IoT paradigm with traditional ubiquitous computing models. Focusing on the connectivity between devices and connectivity with fixed server/cloud-based servers is the main aim of this chapter. In this context, the emphasis is on detailing and evaluating the state of the art of access and control mechanisms. To help the reader to address the significant research problems in the area, we have included open research directions related to authentication and access control mechanisms in the IoT.

Access Control and Authentication in the Internet of Things Environment

TLS is the cryptographic protocol used in the internet. It consists of set of protocols which are used for negotiation of cryptographic parameters, encryption-decryption and reporting errors during the process. Security Analysis of any cryptographic protocol is very much needed to discover vulnerability and to evaluate its security properties. First we theoretically analysed the protocol using automated tool scyther and draw important conclusion. After that we have performed one real time experiment to identify the loopholes with TLS authentication. We gathered the data and prepared the record of it then we have analysed the reasons behind it and suggested some generic countermeasures to handle them. In this paper we intend to find out the loopholes of TLS and found that certificate forging could be considered as a loophole of TLS security mechanism and discovered its cause and proposed the countermeasures.

Security analysis of TLS authentication

Terminal Authentication in M2M Communications in the Context of Internet of Things

Today most of the enterprises are outsourcing their data backups onto online cloud storage, services offered by third party. In such environment, security of offsite data is most prominent requirement. Tang et el. Has proposed, designed and implemented FADE, a secure overlay cloud storage system. Fade assures file deletion, making files unrecoverable after their revocation and also it associates outsourced file with fineg rained access policies to avoid unauthorised access of data. In their paper, we have done security analysis of FADE and have found some design vulnerability in it. We could also discover few attacks and find out their causes. We have also suggested few countermeasures to prevent those attacks and made few improvement in the FADE system.

Security Analysis of Cloud Storage with Access Control and File Assured Deletion (FADE)

In this Paper, we have proposed a new captcha based on digits and symbols. It is based on the facts that it is difficult for the machine to interpret symbols and perform the tasks accordingly from two different datasets. We have also pointed out the main anti-recognition and anti-segmentation features from previous works and implemented them on our proposed captcha. We have also presented here the pseudocode of it, have done a security analysis and usability survey to firm our claims regarding it.

Aditya Kaushal Ranjan

Papers

Access Control and Authentication in the Internet of Things Environment

Security analysis of TLS authentication

Terminal Authentication in M2M Communications in the Context of Internet of Things

Security Analysis of Cloud Storage with Access Control and File Assured Deletion (FADE)

Directional captcha: A novel approach to text based CAPTCHA