Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Soil Chemical Analysis

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

This first report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the conceptual framework that is being used in the MA. It is not a formal assessment of the literature, but rather a scientifically informed presentation of the choices made by the assessment team in structuring the analysis and framing the issues. The conceptual framework elaborated in this report describes the approach and assumptions that will underlie the analysis conducted in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The framework was developed through interactions among the experts involved in the MA as well as stakeholders who will use its findings. It represents one means of examining the linkages between ecosystems and human well-being that is both scientifically credible and relevant to decision-makers. This framework for analysis and decision-making should be of use to a wide array of individuals and institutions in government, the private sector, and civil society that seek to incorporate considerations of ecosystem services in their assessments, plans, and actions.

/pdf/ecosystems-and-human-well-being-a-framework-for-assessment-4qlt46fj9i.pdf

Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment

Isolates of Stagonospora nodorum, the cause of septoria leaf and glume blotch of wheat, were sampled intensively from single fields in two consecutive years and compared for growth rate, colony morphology, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype. The two populations were highly variable for all characters, even though the isolates in each population originated from a small geographical area. Studies of vegetative compatibility within each population indicated the presence of many genotypes and suggested that clonal spread was very limited. Individual lesions contained a single genotype and therefore, presumably, originated from a single unit of inoculum. However, adjacent lesions, even on the same leaf, frequently contained different genotypes. Ten isolates from population II possessed six different karyotypes, demonstrating that polymorphism for this fundamental feature of the genome occurs within field populations. The population structure revealed by these studies supports the hypothesis that ascospores play a major role in the epidemiology of the disease. On this basis, the observed variation in all the characters, including karyotype, can be explained by recombination during sexual reproduction.

Variation in cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype within field populations of Stagonospora nodorum.

The Arran whitebeams Sorbus arranensis and S. pseudofennica are two endemic woody plant taxa that have evolved on Arran through hybridisation. S. arranensis is a triploid hybrid between the widespread diploid S. aucuparia and the rare tetraploid S. rupicola. S. pseudofennica is a tetraploid formed by crossing between S. arranensis and S. aucuparia. In order to determine the mating systems of the two endemic species six maternal trees of each taxon together with 10–12 of their seed offspring were scored for their phenotype at three microsatellite loci and one nuclear intron locus. All seeds of S. arranensis were identical in phenotype to their maternal parents. In S. pseudofennica, 17.5% of all seeds differed in marker phenotype from their maternal parent. The proportion of seed with nonmaternal phenotypes varied significantly among maternal trees of S. pseudofennica. The results suggest that the triploid S. arranensis is an obligate apomict, whereas the tetraploid S. pseudofennica is a facultative apomict. Molecular marker analysis of three trees from Arran with an unusual leaf morphology indicates that they are the product of sexual reproduction by S. pseudofennica, and may originate from hybridisation with S. aucuparia. This research demonstrates that the Sorbus taxa on Arran are participants in an active evolutionary process generating novel biodiversity. Conservation programmes for these taxa should aim to preserve this evolutionary process rather than the individual taxonomic entities that it produces.

/pdf/breeding-systems-and-continuing-evolution-in-the-endemic-119los9uek.pdf

Breeding systems and continuing evolution in the endemic Sorbus taxa on Arran.

Drivers of the composition and diversity of carabid functional traits in UK coniferous plantations.

The Utilization of the Massive Amount of Real Time Data Acquired in Wired-Drillpipe Operations

The effects of cultivar mixtures on the evolution of aggressiveness of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) were modelled. It was found that the rate and direction of evolution of pathogen aggressiveness in a race-non-specific system and value at equilibrium, depends on initial resistance levels, proportions of component cultivars, autodeposition rates, the relative magnitude of the benefit of autoinfection, and the cost of alloinfection of spores. In the model, mixing cultivars in any proportions tended to reduce the aggressiveness of pathogens at equilibrium compared with pure stands, but this effect decreased when two mixture components were extremely unbalanced in proportion. Under low and medium autodeposition rates, the best control of the evolution of the pathogen was achieved by mixing two components in roughly equal proportions. The magnitude of aggressiveness at equilibrium increased as autodeposition rates increased. Though the level of initial resistance of mixture components did not have an impact on the aggressiveness of pathogens at equilibrium, it strongly influenced the transient values of aggressiveness and therefore the total amount of disease caused over an evolutionary period. The cost to the pathogen of alloinfection and benefit of autoinfection per se did not affect the final level of aggressiveness, but did affect the time to reach equilibrium. However, the ratio of the cost to the benefit did influence the final aggressiveness of the pathogen.

https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01953.x

Adrian C. Newton

Papers

Variation in cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype within field populations of Stagonospora nodorum.

Breeding systems and continuing evolution in the endemic Sorbus taxa on Arran.

Drivers of the composition and diversity of carabid functional traits in UK coniferous plantations.

The Utilization of the Massive Amount of Real Time Data Acquired in Wired-Drillpipe Operations

Quantitative evolution of aggressiveness of powdery mildew under two‐cultivar barley mixtures