What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Sexual politics play a key role in anti-Muslim narratives. This has been observed by scholarship problematising liberal feminist approaches towards ‘non-Western’ subjects focusing on countries such as France, the USA and the Netherlands. Yet interrogations into how these debates play out in European national contexts that are located outside of the European ‘West’ have attracted significantly less scholarly attention. Drawing on qualitative data collected in Poland this article aims to begin to fill this gap by analysing the centrality of feminist discourses within Islamophobic agendas in Poland. The article asks how discourses around women’s rights are mobilised simultaneously, and paradoxically, by both secular and Catholic groups in ‘post-communist’ Poland. By showcasing how feminist sentiments are employed by ideologically opposing groups, we sketch out some of the complexities in the ways Islamophobia operates in a Central and Eastern European context.

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Saving and fearing Muslim women in ‘post-communist’ Poland: troubling Catholic and secular Islamophobia

Tato publikace byla vydana diky financni podpoře v ramci projektu
Studentska vědecka konference, c. SVK1-2017-014.

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Kulturní vývoj asijského a afrického kontinentu

/pdf/muslim-positions-in-the-religio-organisational-fields-of-5aw1fjli08.pdf

Muslim Positions in the Religio-Organisational Fields of Denmark, Germany and England

This paper seeks to explain Austria's Islam-related politics by first suggesting that it can be best understood in terms of neo-institutionalist path-dependency and consociationalist policy-making. This is due to the fact that Austria gave Islam full legal recognition in 1912. Important institutional patterns and policies grew out of this law in the Second Republic, whose persistence we want to examine. The Islamic Religious Community constituted itself under public law as a neo-corporatist interest group for Muslims in Austria in 1979. More recently, the government's approach toward Islam has shifted. This change can be best accounted for by party competition in which the far-right Freedom Party of Austria has sought to monopolize this issue. Consequently, this paper explores the contradictions between, on the one hand, the long-established principle of state neutrality and evenhandedness when dealing with various legally recognized religious communities and, on the other hand, discriminatory Islam-related politics.

Breaking with Austrian Consociationalism: How the Rise of Rightwing Populism and Party Competition Have Changed Austria's Islam Politics

Relations between the Polish state and Muslims living in its territory have a long history dating back to the fourteenth century, when a Muslim presence was first established in the area. The first Muslims to arrive in Poland were Tatars from the Golden Horde. Their influx continued for a few centuries and they were granted land in exchange for military service. The nature of mutual relations changed with time, along with changes in the structure of the state. Initially, there was a Polish-Lithuanian monarchy, but after 1795 the area inhabited by the Tatars fell under the rule of the Russian Empire. In 1918–1939, the reborn Polish state granted its inhabitants religious freedom and, even though Catholicism was privileged, Islam was officially recognized in 1936. The socialist state, in existence between 1944 and 1989, took an ideological stance against all religions. Since 1989, Poland has been a democratic state under the rule of law characterized by separation of state and religion. Thanks to the centur...

Relations between Islam and the state in Poland: the legal position of Polish Muslims

Alfurkan tatarski prawdziwy na czterdzieści części rozdzielony, written by Piotr Czyżewski

Islam has been present on the territory of the modern-day Poland for over 330 years, which makes it one of the traditional, officially recognized religions, even though the number of Muslims in Poland is not large. At present, the estimated number of Muslims in Poland is 15,000–30,000, which amounts to 0.04-0.08 per cent of the total population (Nalborczyk and Grodź, 2012, p. 456). Tatars, traditional Polish Muslims (numbering ca. 4,000–5,000), no longer constitute the majority in this group as was the case before the 1980s. The immigrant Muslim minority in Poland consists of Arabs, Turks, Bosnians, and Chechens. The majority of them are not migrant workers, but former students and their families, businessmen, and refugees.1

Islamic Organizations in Poland: From Monopoly to Pluralism

Until the middle of the twentieth century, Muslims living in European countries were mainly indigenous people, completely assimilated with the rest of the population Both their religion and their representative organizations enjoyed legal recognition, sometimes centuries long A significant influx of immigrants of Muslim origin to Europe began in the mid twentieth century and a need for legal regulations sanctioning the status of Muslims within largely Christian societies became apparent Their situation in this respect differs from country to country, sometimes due to a lack of an organization that would represent all the Muslims in a particular country, sometimes because of legal technicalities In some countries, it is not even possible for Muslim immigrants to become citizens The legal situation of Islam and its adherents exerts an important influence on their attitude towards their new country of residence and towards Europe, as well as significantly influencing their loyalty

The perception among Muslim minorities of host European countries: influence of legal status and citizenship

La coexistence de chretiens et de musulmans en Pologne est le longue date et s'est tissee avec l'histoire meme de la nation. Leur presence sur le territoire a commence effectivement au XIV siecle et s'est developpee numeriquement au cours des trois siecles suivants. Ces musulmans etaient, en majorite, d'origine tartare. Ayant maintenu, durant des siecles, leur foi sunnite de l'ecole hanafite, ils furent progressivement reconnus par la nation et finalement par l'Etat polonais (1936). Apres la parenthese communiste, de nouveaux problemes sont apparus. A la presence historique des tartares s'est ajoutee l'immigration musulmane - provenant surtout de pays arabes - qui a depasse de beaucoup le nombre des tartares d'origine. Ce phenomene a conduit, d'une part, a des difficultes internes a ces memes communautes musulmanes et, d'autre part, a des difficultes avec l'Etat d'accueil. En fait, c'est le probleme de l'identite et de la representativite qui se pose. La convention de 1936 avec la communaute tartare a besoin d'etre revisee et adaptee a la nouvelle situation. Bien que le pourcentage global des musulmans en Pologne soit estime inferieur a 1 % de la population nationale, les relations islamo-chretiennes (ou plutot judeo-islamo-chretiennes) sont bonnes. En 1997 un Conseil commun entre catholiques et musulmans a ete cree et la Conference Episcopale polonaise a institue une « Journee de l'Islam » annuelle le 26 janvier. Cet article complete et met a jour une etude parue dans!SCH 23.

Agata S. Nalborczyk

Papers

Relations between Islam and the state in Poland: the legal position of Polish Muslims

Alfurkan tatarski prawdziwy na czterdzieści części rozdzielony, written by Piotr Czyżewski

Islamic Organizations in Poland: From Monopoly to Pluralism

The perception among Muslim minorities of host European countries: influence of legal status and citizenship

Islam in Poland the past and the present