Researchers have recently focused on the advancement of new materials from biorenewable and sustainable sources because of great concerns about the environment, waste accumulation and destruction, and the inevitable depletion of fossil resources. Biorenewable materials have been extensively used as a matrix or reinforcement in many applications. In the development of innovative methods and materials, composites offer important advantages because of their excellent properties such as ease of fabrication, higher mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and many more. Especially, nanocomposites (obtained by using biorenewable sources) have significant advantages when compared to conventional composites. Nanocomposites have been utilized in many applications including food, biomedical, electroanalysis, energy storage, wastewater treatment, automotive, etc. This comprehensive review provides chemistry, structures, advanced applications, and recent developments about nanocomposites obtained from biorenewable sources.

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Chemistry, Structures, and Advanced Applications of Nanocomposites from Biorenewable Resources.

Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth. It can be obtained from a vast number of sources, e.g. cell walls of wood and plants, some species of bacteria, and algae, as well as tunicates, which are the only known cellulose-containing animals. This inherent abundance naturally paves the way for discovering new applications for this versatile material. This review provides an extensive survey on cellulose and its derivatives, their structural and biochemical properties, with an overview of applications in tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery systems. Based on the available means of selecting the physical features, dimensions, and shapes, cellulose exists in the morphological forms of fiber, microfibril/nanofibril, and micro/nanocrystalline cellulose. These different cellulosic particle types arise due to the inherent diversity among the source of organic materials or due to the specific conditions of biosynthesis and processing that determine the consequent geometry and dimension of cellulosic particles. These different cellulosic particles, as building blocks, produce materials of different microstructures and properties, which are needed for numerous biomedical applications. Despite having great potential for applications in various fields, the extensive use of cellulose has been mainly limited to industrial use, with less early interest towards the biomedical field. Therefore, this review highlights recent developments in the preparation methods of cellulose and its derivatives that create novel properties benefiting appropriate biomedical applications.

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Cellulose and its derivatives: towards biomedical applications

Adsorption of heavy metal ions by sodium alginate based adsorbent-a review and new perspectives.

https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/118331/1/Rodrigues_etal_2021_BiotechAdv.pdf

Stabilization of enzymes via immobilization: Multipoint covalent attachment and other stabilization strategies

The increasing demand for high food quality and safety, and concerns of environment sustainable development have been encouraging researchers in the food industry to exploit the robust and green biodegradable nanocomposites, which provide new opportunities and challenges for the development of nanomaterials in the food industry. This review paper aims at summarizing the recent three years of research findings on the new development of nanomaterials for food packaging. Two categories of nanomaterials (i.e., inorganic and organic) are included. The synthetic methods, physical and chemical properties, biological activity, and applications in food systems and safety assessments of each nanomaterial are presented. This review also highlights the possible mechanisms of antimicrobial activity against bacteria of certain active nanomaterials and their health concerns. It concludes with an outlook of the nanomaterials functionalized in food packaging.

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Recent Developments in Food Packaging Based on Nanomaterials

Magnetic-propelled carriers comprising magnetic Fe3O4–chitosan nanoparticles were immobilized with L-asparaginase (L-ASNase). The enzyme displayed enhanced catalytic activity in a weak magnetic field, and thermal and pH stabilities. The conjugated L-ASNase presented higher thermostability and wider range of pH stability in comparison with those of free L-ASNase. Moreover, the reusability of conjugated L-ASNase significantly improved after immobilization and it retained 60.5% of its initial activity after undergoing 16 cycles. The conjugated L-ASNase maintained more than 50% and 48% initial activity after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C and room temperature, respectively. Furthermore, we reveal that the activity of conjugated L-ASNase onto magnetic Fe3O4–chitosan particles increased by about 3-fold in the weak magnetic field at certain frequencies and flux density compared with that of free L-ASNase. Considering these excellent attributes, the magnetic-propelled mechanism in the transporting and activation of L-ASNase can be used by enhancing the catalytic activity, stability, and efficiency in vital implications for medicinal biotechnology.

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Ahmet Ulu

Papers

Chemistry, Structures, and Advanced Applications of Nanocomposites from Biorenewable Resources.

Magnetic-propelled Fe3O4–chitosan carriers enhance L-asparaginase catalytic activity: a promising strategy for enzyme immobilization

Design of epoxy-functionalized Fe3O4@MCM-41 core-shell nanoparticles for enzyme immobilization.

Immobilization of l-Asparaginase on Carrier Materials: A Comprehensive Review.

Laccase-conjugated thiolated chitosan-Fe3O4 hybrid composite for biocatalytic degradation of organic dyes