Aina A. Auskaps

Bio: Aina A. Auskaps is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Mononuclear phagocyte system & Chromium Compounds. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 28 citations.

The effect of whole body x-irradiation on the reticuloendothelial system as demonstrated by the use of radioactive chromium phosphate.

Abstract: The role of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in recovery following whole body X-irradiation has aroused considerable recent interest."5'17 However, ready explanation of this role is complicated by the fact that pertinent data concerning the effect of ionizing radiation upon the RES seem somewhat contradictory. 8 1, U U2"-8 Generally, the RES is regarded as a non-radiosensitive tissue.8'25 m Taplin, et al.,' reported very little effect of 300 r whole body X-irradiation on the RES of rabbits, basing their conclusions on the blood clearance of the colloidal dye, prodigiosin. Barrow and co-workers' were unable to demonstrate any change in the disappearance rate of intravenously injected colloidal gold into rabbits following 800 r whole body X-irradiation. On the other hand, Kogae' noted an alteration in uptake of carmine by the RES of rabbits after only 42 r whole body X-irradiation, and, after 25 to 50 r, Pape and Jellinek'2 reported degenerative cell injury in the spleen of rats. A technique has been developed by one of us9"-" for study of RES activity in laboratory animals by means of intravenous injection of radioactive col-loidal chromium phosphate (CrP3204). The technique may be used in at least three ways: (i) Disappearance rate of radioactivity from the blood may be determined. Thus, one can obtain an overall outlook of the activity of the whole RES. (ii) Distribution of radioactivity to different organs may be measured. Thus, the relative RES activity of various organs can be observed because, in normal animals, the distribution patterns of a CrP3204 suspension seems very constant.10 The liver, spleen, and many other organs remove a definite

Ionizing radiation and the immune response.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates several ways in which radiation may be employed to dissect several individual cellular components of the immune response. The chapter considers the interrelationships between radiation and the various components of the immune response from three perspectives: (1) the effect of irradiation on normal lymphoid tissues and on isolated lymphocytes, (2) the effect of irradiation on antibody production, transplantation immunity, and other forms of cellular immunity, and (3) the effect of irradiation upon tolerance with specific references to putative autoimmune consequences after radiation-induced alterations in normal immunological homeostasis. A wide variety of approaches are available to characterize and define distinct populations of lymphocytes. These include biophysical and functional methods and characterization of antigenic and cell surface receptor components. The mechanisms of radiation effects in biological systems, particularly in humans, have been derived from experiments utilizing cells exposed in vitro and maintained in tissue culture. Such cells can be examined for: (1) loss of viability, (2) alterations in biophysical structure, (3) loss of functional capabilities, (4) biochemical changes, and (5) evidence of injury to subcellular components.

Influence of irradiation on resistance to infection.

Abstract: Infection is a very frequent lethal complication of wholebody x radiation in the LD/sub 50/ to LDi/sub 100/ range of dosage. Normal defenses against infection depend upon several factors, including the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, antibodies, bactericidal power of serum, and the retictiloendothelial system. The effects of x-radiation damage on these mechanisms are discussed. The beneficial effect of spleen homogenates and spleen shielding and previous treatment with endotoxins in radiation induced infections are discussed. Possible reaction mechanisms involved are considered. 57 references. (C.H.)

Radio-Histologie und Radio-Histopathologie

Abstract: Die Summe der in den vorhergehenden Kapiteln besprochenen Zellveranderungen ist weder identisch mit der Gewebsreaktion auf ionisierende Strahlen, noch ist sie eine Konstante So lassen sich z B Beobachtungen an strahlengeschadigten Zellkulturen von Fibroblasten nicht einfach auf das Bindegewebe der Haut ubertragen Ein bestimmter experimenteller Tumor, welcher in vitro 60000 r zur Zerstorung benotigt, verschwindet in vivo schon nach 4000–5000 r2 Ferner variiert die Strahlensensibilitat ein und desselben Gewebes in recht weiten Grenzen3 Eine wesentliche Rolle spielt das chemische Milieu, welches ein Charakteristikum der einzelnen Gewebsarten darstellt Dasselbe gilt auch von der momentanen Stoffweehsellage, der Vascularisationsdichte, der Reaktionsfahigkeit und der Entwicklungsreife der Gewebe Ferner tritt als entscheidender Faktor die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit der verschiedenen Zelltypen dazu, welche sich beim Menschen wie 1:100 und mehr verhalten kann4, und schlieslich bestehen auch quantitative wie qualitative Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Arten der ionisierenden Strahlen sowie ihren Anwendungsformen (Ganzbestrahlung, stark lokalisierte Bestrahlung, harte und weiche Strahlen usw) Das resultierende Schadigungs- und Reaktionsbild kann somit keine konstante Grose sein Immerhin last sich ein regelgerechtes Verhalten in gewissen Grenzen doch festhalten Vor Besprechung dieses letzteren soll kurz auf die erwahnten zusatzlichen Faktoren eingegangen werden

The effect of high doses of x-irradiation on the phagocytic, proliferative, and metabolic properties of the reticulo-endothelial system

Abstract: The effect of moderately high doses of x-irradiation upon the reticulo-endothelial system of mice and rats was investigated. A dosage of 600 r to mice and 850 r to rats did not interfere with the ability of the RES to clear colloidal particles from the blood. However the 850 r x-ray dose to rats prevented recovery of normal phagocytic function after "blockade." In mice, 600 r interfered with the ability of the RES to respond to the usual stimulating effect of zymosan. The ability of the RES of mice which have received 600 r of x-rays to clear P32-labelled E. coli from the blood was not significantly altered. These mice responded poorly to immunization, as demonstrated by the slow rate of clearance of the bacteria from the blood of immunized, irradiated individuals as compared with that of immunized controls. This reflected the lowered antibody production and not deficiency of phagocytic mechanism. There was no evidence of a changed capacity of the Kupffer cells of mice which had received 600 r of x-rays to break down denatured protein enzymatically.