Showing papers by "Ajit Mal published in 2003"

New Thermally Remendable Highly Cross-Linked Polymeric Materials

Abstract: Two new remendable highly cross-linked polymers, 2ME4F and 2MEP4F, were prepared without solvent. Solid-state NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) was used to study the thermal reversibility of Diels−Alder (DA) cross-linking, and it was found that DA connections and disconnections of both polymers are thermally reversible. Differential scanning calorimeter and dynamical mechanical analysis were applied to study thermal and mechanical properties of these materials, and it is found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of 2ME4F is about 30−40 °C and that of 2MEP4F is about 80 °C. A qualitative study of the healing efficiency of 2MEP4F showed that cracks can be healed effectively with a simple thermal healing procedure. This process can be repeated to heal cracks multiple times.

Acoustic emission waveforms in composite laminates under low velocity impact

Abstract: Hidden damage caused by foreign object impact in a composite structure, if left undetected, can grow and lead to a catastrophic failure of the structure. Detection of impact events and characterization of the degree of damage caused by them, preferably in real time, would be extremely helpful in safe continued operation of composite structures. In this paper, low velocity impact experiments are carried out on AS4/3501-6 [0/90]8S cross-ply graphite epoxy composite plates. An instrumented impact testing system is used to record the contact force and the surface motion at locations away from the impact point. The response of the plate due to localized sources is calculated using a modified laminate theory providing detailed information on the relationship between the impact load and the signals generated by the load. For thin plates, the far-field response is dominated by plate guided Lamb waves. It is shown that the occurrence of an impact loading can be easily detected from the recorded signals. Delamination damage, if any, can also be determined through careful analysis of the recorded waveforms. Practical applications of the technique in structural health monitoring will require careful investigation and elimination of environmental noise.

Damage detection in structures from vibration and wave propagation data

Abstract: Development of efficient tools to successfully localize and characterize hidden damage in critical structural components is an important task in the design and construction of structural health monitoring systems in aging as well as new structures. In this paper two methodologies for damage identification and localization will be presented. The first is an automatic numerical scheme using a state space system identification approach and the second is based on certain damage correlation indices associated with changes in the frequency response of the structure in presence of flaws. In each case, the structure is to be instrumented with an array of sensors to record its dynamic response including vibration and wave propagation effects. To determine the type and location of an unknown defect, the sensor data detected is used to identify a new system, which then is compared to a database of state-space models to find the nearest match. The second method deals with the definition of a set of damage correlation indices obtained from the frequency response analysis of the structure. Two types of indices have been considered. The first uses the correlation between the responses of the defect free and damaged structure at the same point, and the second uses correlation at two different points. The potential application of the general approach in developing health monitoring systems in defects-critical structures is discussed.

Ultrasonic lamb waves in a thin plate

Abstract: The behavior of the wave field produced in a thin unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite plate by a dynamic point load is studied using an approximate shear deformation plate theory (S.D.P.T) and a finite element analysis (F.E.A). Comparisons are made for propagation at 0 o , 45 , and 90 directions relative to the fibers showing excellent agreement between the two model approaches. The approximate method is then used to calculate the response of a composite plate as well as of an aluminum plate to a uniform dynamic surface load distributed in a circular region. A periodic reversal in the phase of the signal with propagation distance is observed. It is found that this is caused by the strong dispersion of the first antisymmetric waves at low frequencies. For clarification, the steepest descent method is applied to obtain a closed form analytical expression for the far field response in the aluminum plate for a Dirac delta source. It is shown that the waveform carries a singularity that reverses its phase at regular intervals. The present work should be helpful in understanding the nature of waveform signals produced by impact loads and in the detection and characterization of impact damage in composite structures. Keywords: Thin plate, unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite, periodic phase reversal, low frequency, first antisymmetric mode, the steepest descent method

Pressure and temperature distribution in biological tissues by focused ultrasound

Abstract: The interaction between ultrasound and biological tissues has been the subject of a number of investigators for nearly half a century and the number of applications of high intensity, focused ultrasound for therapeutic purposes continues to grow. This paper is motivated by possible medical applications of focused ultrasound in minimally invasive treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal disorders that are responsive to thermal treatment. The mechanical and thermal effects in a subject’s body induced by high-frequency ultrasound are simulated using PZFlex, a finite element based program. The FEM model described in this report is of a transverse section of the body at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) extracted from a CT image. In order to protect the nerves inside the spinal canal as well as to obtain an effective heating result at the focal region within the intervertebral disk, a suitable orientation of axis of the focused ultrasound lens have to be determined in advance. The pressure, energy loss distribution and temperature distribution are investigated in this paper with the different orientations of the axis and different transverse diameter of the spherical ultrasound lens. Since nonlinear effects are expected to be important in the therapeutic application in some literatures, this paper also demonstrates the effects of nonlinearities on the pressure and temperature distribution induced by focused ultrasound in a two dimensional model. Finally, a comparison of the results between linear and nonlinear cases is reported.