Showing papers by "Albert Bandura published in 1974"
433 citations
TL;DR: Experimental findings indicated that generalized changes are best achieved by using aided participant modeling to restore inhibited behavior followed by self-directed practice to extinguish residual fears and to reinforce personal mastery.
Abstract: The present experiment tested the efficacy of participant modeling as a function of the amount of response induction aids employed. Adult phobics received participant modeling with either a low, a moderate, or a high number of aids. Marked changes in behavior and attitudes were rapidly induced when a wide array of performance aids was available, whereas progress was retarded and attainments were substantially lower given limited auxiliary options. Therapeutic efficacy, however, was not monotonically related to number of performance facilitators. Modeling with moderate induction aids generally yielded comparable results to the more highly aided treatment and, on some measures, produced greater generalization effects. Supplementary findings indicated that generalized changes are best achieved by using aided participant modeling to restore inhibited behavior followed by self-directed practice to extinguish residual fears and to reinforce personal mastery. In modifying avoidance behavior, therapists tend to direct their attention to emotional arousal. The widely applied desensitization approach is conducted on the principle of minimization of anxiety arousal (Wolpe, 1969). Treatment strategies are therefore keyed to this factor. Aversive stimuli are presented in graduated doses and promptly withdrawn whenever clients experience anxiety. Should perturbing emotional reactions be evoked, there are essentially two things the therapist can do: relax the client or reduce the threat value of the aversive scenes. More recently, avoidance behavior has been treated by flooding and implosion procedures, which rely upon maximization of anxiety arousal (Gath, 1973; Stampfl & Levis, 1967; Watson & Marks, 1971). In this approach, intense anxiety is elicited by prolonged exposure to the most threatening situations. The therapist's main efforts are aimed at inducing and sustaining anxiety at high levels without relief until the emotional reactions are extinguished. Coupled with the anxiety focus is a heavy reliance upon symbolic renditions of aversive
124 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the influence of memory codes varying in meaningfulness and retrievability and cumulative rehearsal on retention of observationally learned responses over increasing temporal intervals, finding that the more meaningful the codes incorporating retrieval guides, the better the modeled responses learned and retained.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, pigeons were trained to reward their own performances and then tested for adherence to work requirements under decreasing likelihood of punishment for undeserved self-reward, and the amount of behavior performed for each selfreward covaried with self-inforcement rate.
20 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that self-monitored and externally imposed reinforcement control are possible operative factors in sustaining self-imposed contingencies long after punishment for unmerited self-reward has been discontinued.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a distinction between the acquisition of standards and the selfmaintenance of behavior is emphasized, which must be taken into account when interpreting studies of self-reinforcement in terms of recent studies of modeling influences on children's standards of performance for self reward.
Abstract: In studying self-reinforcement (i.e., the process in which individuals control their own behavior by rewarding themselves when a certain standard of behavior is achieved) two types of research methodologies should be considered: one which studies how performance standards of self-reward are acquired and one which determines if self-administered consequences affect behavior. The distinction between the acquisition of standards and the selfmaintenance of behavior is emphasized. Considerations which must be taken into account when interpreting studies of self-reinforcement are examined in terms of recent studies of modeling influences on children's standards of performance for self-reward.
6 citations