The world population growth is increasing the demand for food production. Furthermore, the reduction of the workforce in rural areas and the increase in production costs are challenges for food production nowadays. Smart farming is a farm management concept that may use Internet of Things (IoT) to overcome the current challenges of food production. This work uses the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) methodology to systematically review the existing literature on smart farming with IoT. The review aims to identify the main devices, platforms, network protocols, processing data technologies and the applicability of smart farming with IoT to agriculture. The review shows an evolution in the way data is processed in recent years. Traditional approaches mostly used data in a reactive manner. In more recent approaches, however, new technological developments allowed the use of data to prevent crop problems and to improve the accuracy of crop diagnosis.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-iot-solutions-for-smart-farming-5ct1bbwayq.pdf

A Systematic Review of IoT Solutions for Smart Farming

The productivity of greenhouses highly depends on the environmental conditions of crops, such as temperature and humidity. The control and monitoring might need large sensor networks, and as a consequence, mobile sensory systems might be a more suitable solution. This paper describes the application of a heterogeneous robot team to monitor environmental variables of greenhouses. The multi-robot system includes both ground and aerial vehicles, looking to provide flexibility and improve performance. The multi-robot sensory system measures the temperature, humidity, luminosity and carbon dioxide concentration in the ground and at different heights. Nevertheless, these measurements can be complemented with other ones (e.g., the concentration of various gases or images of crops) without a considerable effort. Additionally, this work addresses some relevant challenges of multi-robot sensory systems, such as the mission planning and task allocation, the guidance, navigation and control of robots in greenhouses and the coordination among ground and aerial vehicles. This work has an eminently practical approach, and therefore, the system has been extensively tested both in simulations and field experiments.

/pdf/heterogeneous-multi-robot-system-for-mapping-environmental-78meivtzv9.pdf

Heterogeneous Multi-Robot System for Mapping Environmental Variables of Greenhouses

The presence of robots in agriculture has grown significantly in recent years, overcoming some of the challenges and complications of this field. This chapter aims to collect a com‐ plete and recent state of the art about the application of robots in agriculture. The work addresses this topic from two perspectives. On the one hand, it involves the disciplines that lead the automation of agriculture, such as precision agriculture and greenhouse farming, and collects the proposals for automatizing tasks like planting and harvesting, environ‐ mental monitoring and crop inspection and treatment. On the other hand, it compiles and analyses the robots that are proposed to accomplish these tasks: e.g. manipulators, ground vehicles and aerial robots. Additionally, the chapter reports with more detail some practi‐ cal experiences about the application of robot teams to crop inspection and treatment in outdoor agriculture, as well as to environmental monitoring in greenhouse farming.

/pdf/robots-in-agriculture-state-of-art-and-practical-experiences-1kd2tx87nd.pdf

Robots in Agriculture: State of Art and Practical Experiences

A bi-directional missing data imputation scheme based on LSTM and transfer learning for building energy data

Pluvial flash floods in urban areas are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate change and human actions, negatively impacting the life, work, production and infrastructure of a population. Pluvial flooding occurs when intense rainfall overflows the limits of urban drainage and water accumulation causes hazardous flash floods. Although flash floods are hard to predict given their rapid formation, Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used to minimize casualties. We performed a systematic review to define the basic structure of an EWS for rain flash floods. The structure of the review is as follows: first, Section 2 describes the most important factors that affect the intensity of pluvial flash floods during rainfall events. Section 3 defines the key elements and actors involved in an effective EWS. Section 4 reviews different EWS architectures for pluvial flash floods implemented worldwide. It was identified that the reviewed projects did not follow guidelines to design early warning systems, neglecting important aspects that must be taken into account in their implementation. Therefore, this manuscript proposes a basic structure for an effective EWS for pluvial flash floods that guarantees the forecasting process and alerts dissemination during rainfall events.

Real-Time Early Warning System Design For Pluvial Flash Floods—A Review

Monitoring system for agronomic variables based in WSN technology on cassava crops

The production of tomatoes in greenhouses, in addition to its relevance in nutrition and health, is an activity of the agroindustry with high economic importance in Spain, the first exporter in Europe of this vegetable. The technological updating with precision agriculture, implemented in order to ensure adequate production, leads to a deployment planning of wireless sensors with limited coverage by the attenuation of radio waves in the presence of vegetation. The well-known propagation models FSPL (Free-Space Path Loss), two-ray, COST235, Weissberger, ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunication Sector), FITU-R (Fitted ITU-R), offer values with an error percentage higher than 30% in the 2.4 GHz band in relation to those measured in field tests. As a substantial improvement, we have developed optimized propagation models, with an error estimate of less than 9% in the worst-case scenario for the later benefit of farmers, consumers and the economic chain in the production of tomatoes.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/10/1744/pdf

Path Loss Determination Using Linear and Cubic Regression Inside a Classic Tomato Greenhouse.

Today, through the monitoring of agronomic variables, the wireless sensor networks are playing an increasingly important role in precision agriculture. Among the emerging technologies used to devel...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147717722691

Received strength signal intensity performance analysis in wireless sensor network using Arduino platform and XBee wireless modules

La agricultura del sureste espanol ha experimentado uno de los cambios mas importantes que se han producido en los ultimos anos gracias a los cultivos de invernadero. En este tipo de cultivos es muy importante la utilizacion de tecnicas avanzadas y tecnologias novedosas para mejorar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Este trabajo presenta un sistema avanzado para la monitorizacion de variables aplicadas a la agricultura intensiva. El sistema usa una red de sensores inalambricos (WSN) que funciona con 6LoWPAN y RPL como el protocolo de enrutamiento, mide humedad, temperatura, luz y el contenido volumetrico de agua en el suelo. La WSN envia los datos recolectados a un dispositivo embebido que almacena la informacion en una base de datos a fin de visualizar de forma grafica y en tiempo real los valores obtenidos en los cultivos. El sistema desarrollado permite una gran flexibilidad de instalacion y de adaptacion a cualquier invernadero, ya que se basa en tecnologia inalambrica, que los nodos pueden establecer las rutas de los enlaces entre ellos automaticamente, y tienen implementada una funcion de ahorro de energia que le permite alargar la vida util de las baterias lo suficiente para una campana agricola sin necesidad de mantenimiento.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4741453.pdf

Sistema inalámbrico de monitorización para cultivos en invernadero

The agriculture in the southeast Spain has experimented important changes in the last years due to the greenhouse crops. In this kind of crops is very important the use of advanced techniques and new technologies to improve the crop efficiency. This work presents an advanced system to monitor the variables applied on greenhouse crops. The monitoring system uses a wireless sensor network (WSN) that works with 6LoWPAN and RPL as the routing protocol. It measures humidity, temperature, light, and volumetric water content in the soil. The WSN sends the recollected data to an embedded device which stores the information on a data base, so it is possible to visualize in real time the values obtained of crops as a graphic. The developed system allows installation flexibility and adaptation to any greenhouse. Because it is based on: Wireless technology, nodes can establish links automatically, and have implemented a function for saving energy which can extend the life of the batteries enough for a crop year without maintenance.

http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/dyna/v81n184/v81n184a22.pdf

Alejandro Cama-Pinto

Papers

Monitoring system for agronomic variables based in WSN technology on cassava crops

Path Loss Determination Using Linear and Cubic Regression Inside a Classic Tomato Greenhouse.

Received strength signal intensity performance analysis in wireless sensor network using Arduino platform and XBee wireless modules

Sistema inalámbrico de monitorización para cultivos en invernadero

Wireless surveillance sytem for greenhouse crops Sistema inalámbrico de monitorización para cultivos en invernadero