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Alemayehu Geda

Bio: Alemayehu Geda is an academic researcher from United Nations University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Currency & Financial regulation. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 8 publications receiving 349 citations.

Papers
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Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper used household level data collected in 1994 to examine probable determinants of poverty status, employing both binomial and polychotomous logit models, and found that poverty status is strongly associated with the level of education, household size and engagement in agricultural activity, both in rural and urban areas.
Abstract: Strategies aimed at poverty reduction need to identify factors that are strongly associated with poverty and that are amenable to modification by policy. This article uses household level data collected in 1994 to examine probable determinants of poverty status, employing both binomial and polychotomous logit models. The study shows that poverty status is strongly associated with the level of education, household size and engagement in agricultural activity, both in rural and urban areas. In general, those factors that are closely associated with overall poverty according to the binomial model are also important in the ordered-logit model, but they appear to be even more important in tackling extreme poverty.

201 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: One of the main objectives of financial institutions such as banks is mobilizing resources (in particular, domestic savings) and channelling these to would-be investors as discussed by the authors, and this intermediation role of banks takes different forms in different economic systems.
Abstract: One of the main objectives of financial institutions such as banks is mobilizing resources (in particular, domestic savings) and channelling these to would-be investors. This intermediation role of banks takes different forms in different economic systems. Ethiopia’s history since the 1970s clearly shows the validity of this statement.

52 citations

Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The role of the private sector in the financial system has been expanded, interest-rate controls have been liberalized, and the central bank has been given new powers of financial supervision.
Abstract: Ethiopia is one of a number of SSA economies that adopted state-led development strategies in the 1970s (others include Angola and Mozambique), and suffered from intense conflict (leading to the fall of the Derg regime in 1991). The new government was therefore faced with the twin tasks of reconstructing the economy, and embarking on the transition to a market economy. As part of this process, state banks have been reorganised, the role of the private sector in the financial system has been expanded, interest-rate controls have been liberalized, and the central bank has been given new powers of financial supervision. Financial reform has been gradual, but nevertheless determined despite disagreement with the IMF over restrictions on the entry of foreign banks and the role of the largest state bank.

33 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors discusses some of the principal issues relating to the reconstruction of the financial sector in conflict-affected countries, focusing on currency reform, the creation of central banks, revitalization of the banking system, and its prudential supervision and regulation.
Abstract: This paper discusses some of the principal issues relating to the reconstruction of the financial sector in conflict-affected countries, focusing on currency reform, the rebuilding (or creation) of central banks, the revitalization of the banking system, and its prudential supervision and regulation. Different types of conflict have different effects on the financial system. Country priorities for reconstruction therefore vary accordingly. Nevertheless, the following problems repeatedly occur in reconstruction. First, central banks often remain weak and under-resourced. The consequence is haphazard and lenient supervision of the financial system, which is compounded by the frequently lax accounting and reporting standards of commercial banks. This hinders the application of international models of prudential supervision, such as the Basle Core Principles. Second, regulatory forbearance is common, reflecting both the technical weakness of central banks, but also the pressure of powerful interests—including war criminals—that straddle both state institutions and the financial sector. The consequences are leniency in the licensing of banks, insider-lending, excessive risk exposure, and a general failure to curb emergent bank crises. These in turn destabilize economies in recovery from war, and the fiscal burden of bank crises limits development and poverty spending—thereby threatening ‘postconflict’ reconstruction itself.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that bank crises can destabilise economies in recovery from war, and their fiscal burden takes resources away from development and poverty spending, thereby threatening post-conflict reconstruction itself.
Abstract: Reconstructing the financial system in countries affected by violent conflict is crucial to successful and broad-based recovery. Particularly important tasks include: currency reform, rebuilding (or creating) central banks, revitalising the banking sector, and strengthening prudential supervision and regulation. Encouragement of private capital into the banking sector must be balanced by protection of the public interest, a task made more difficult by the nature of war-to-peace transition. Bank crises can destabilise economies in recovery from war, and their fiscal burden takes resources away from development and poverty spending – thereby threatening ‘post-conflict’ reconstruction itself.

19 citations


Cited by
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Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a coherent policy approach that addresses African priorities and can work in African conditions, which challenges the applicability of some conventional views on a range of issues from securities markets and banking regulation to the organization of micro finance institutions.
Abstract: Making Finance Work for Africa presents a coherent policy approach that addresses African priorities and can work in African conditions. It challenges the applicability of some conventional views on a range of issues from securities markets and banking regulation to the organization of microfinance institutions. The authors identify promising trends from across sub-Saharan Africa and pinpoint shortcomings. The book will be useful to policy makers, bankers, financial analysts, and economists working in Africa.

326 citations

Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in Kenya and found that farmers in peri-urban areas sold higher proportions of their output than those in rural areas.
Abstract: Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for smallscale farmers. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in Kenya. Data was obtained through a rapid rural appraisal and a household survey. A truncated regression model was applied in the analysis. Results showed that farmers in peri-urban areas sold higher proportions of their output than those in rural areas. Distance from farm to point of sale is a major constraint to the intensity of market participation. Better output price and market information are key incentives for increased sales. These findings demonstrate the urgent need to strengthen market information delivery systems, upgrade roads in both rural and peri-urban areas, encourage market integration initiatives, and establish more retail outlets with improved market facilities in the remote rural villages in order to promote production and trade in high value commodities by rural farmers.

297 citations

01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have shown that when effort and initial conditions are factored in, African countries are among the top achievers of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and that eight of the world's top ten best performing countries are in Africa.
Abstract: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication. Table 0.1: Top five destinations by share of total illicit financial flows for selected African countries and sectors where there are significant illicit financial flows (trade mispricing only), vii Foreword The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been a catalyst for action by governments, civil society and the private sector to advance development. The effects have been direct, including mobilizing aid for social development, and indirect, through advocacy and global monitoring, particularly of key indicators of progress in education, health and gender equality. African Member States have made remarkable progress towards achieving the MDGs despite difficult initial conditions. Indeed, previous MDG Progress Reports for Africa have shown that when effort and initial conditions are factored in, African countries are among the top achievers of the MDGs. A study of countries accelerating the most rapidly towards the MDGs found that eight of the world's top ten best performers are in Africa. Further, progress was more rapid in least-developed countries (LDCs) than in non-LDCs despite the significant investments in infrastructure and human capital that countries at very low levels of development require to achieve the MDGs. The development context and landscape in many African countries is changing. With the imminent MDG target date of 2015, it is important for Member States to build and sustain the momentum achieved to date and ensure that their development priorities and aspirations find credible expression in the post-2015 Development Agenda/Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Due to the rapid growth experienced by several African countries in the past decade, the continent can now have greater fiscal autonomy in charting its own development path based on the different contexts of individual countries and the shared aspirations of the African people. Indeed, the discourse is shifting to a narrative that emphasizes ownership underpinned by robust domestic resource mobilization and adequate policy space. Understandably, Official Development Assistance (ODA) will remain an important feature of the development financing landscape and a substantial component of the fiscal envelope of most low-income countries. Nevertheless, there is a growing recognition that with the prevailing global uncertainties and fiscal consolidation in many developed countries, ODA should at best be seen as a complement and not a substitute for domestic resources, investment and trade. These observations are pertinent in the context of the decline in ODA to Southern, …

209 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that neither peace nor economic development will hold without a centralized, credible and effective state, and that the emergence of such a state is a political problem more than a technical problem, and it will depend on a monopolization of force by the state.
Abstract: This article investigates the challenges currently facing Afghanistan. It argues that ‘post–conflict’ peace and reconstruction in Afghanistan may depend on a dramatic expansion of institutionalized economic interdependence: this will not necessarily require obeisance to standard international policy paradigms and it will have to draw on existing patterns of interdependence, even though many of these are rooted in brutally exploitative war economy conditions. The authors argue further that neither peace nor economic development will hold without a centralized, credible and effective state, that the emergence of such a state is a political problem more than a technical problem, and that it will depend on a monopolization of force by the state. Such developments cannot be envisaged without policy being based on a close reading of the long and decidedly non–linear, conflictual experiences in state formation and failure in Afghanistan, a history whose patterns and implications are summarized in this article.

166 citations

Book
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The authors in this paper reviewed a large amount of knowledge from the Land Use and Land Cover Change research community (LUCC, a joint IGBP/IHDP project) and is one of the activities of the LUCC Focus 3 Office hosted by the Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University.
Abstract: AIC Akaike information criterion AUC area under the curve COV coefficient of variation GIS geographic information systems GPS Global Positioning System HYV high-yielding variety LUCC land use and land cover change NDVI normalized difference vegetation index OLS ordinary least squares PCA principal component analysis ROC relative or receiver operating characteristic SC Schwartz criterion SSE error sum of squares SSR regression sum of squares SST total sum of squares TLU tropical livestock unit 8 9 Acknowledgements This report is written as part of the project 'Transregional analysis of crop-livestock systems: understanding intensification and evolution across three continents' commissioned by the Ecoregional Fund and implemented by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in collaboration with the Department of Environmental Sciences of Wageningen University, and the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. This report reviews a large amount of knowledge from the Land Use and Land Cover Change research community (LUCC, a joint IGBP/IHDP project) and is one of the activities of the LUCC Focus 3 Office hosted by the Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University. Part of the writing was funded by the Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO) of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) within the project 'Integrating macro-modelling and actor-oriented research in studying the dynamics of land use change in NorthEast Luzon, Philippines'. The authors would like to thank all who contributed to this report, especially the contributions of Isabelle Baltenweck, Jeannette van de Steeg and Koen Overmars and the thoughtful reviews of two anonymous referees. 1 Introduction Land use and land cover change (LUCC) has important impacts on the functioning of socioeconomic and environmental systems with important tradeoffs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to global change impacts. Land cover change refers to the complete replacement of one cover type by another, e.g. deforestation. Land use change includes the modification of land cover types, e.g. intensification of agricultural management or other changes in the farming system. Land use and land cover changes are the result of the interplay between socioeconomic , institutional and environmental factors. Key to understanding LUCC is to recognize the role of individual decision makers bringing about change, through their choices, on land resources and technologies. A unifying hypothesis that links the ecological and social realms, and an important reason for pursuing integrated modelling of LUCC, is that humans respond to cues both from the physical environment and …

161 citations