/pdf/handbook-of-the-psychology-of-aging-5th-ed-2h2dalfk25.pdf

Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, 5th ed

Much research in the last two decades has demonstrated that human responses deviate from the performance deemed normative according to various models of decision making and rational judgment (e.g., the basic axioms of utility theory). This gap between the normative and the descriptive can be interpreted as indicating systematic irrationalities in human cognition. However, four alternative interpretations preserve the assumption that human behavior and cognition is largely rational. These posit that the gap is due to (1) performance errors, (2) computational limitations, (3) the wrong norm being applied by the experimenter, and (4) a different construal of the task by the subject. In the debates about the viability of these alternative explanations, attention has been focused too narrowly on the model response. In a series of experiments involving most of the classic tasks in the heuristics and biases literature, we have examined the implications of individual differences in performance for each of the four explanations of the normative/descriptive gap. Performance errors are a minor factor in the gap; computational limitations underlie non-normative responding on several tasks, particularly those that involve some type of cognitive decontextualization. Unexpected patterns of covariance can suggest when the wrong norm is being applied to a task or when an alternative construal of the task should be considered appropriate.

Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?-Open Peer Commentary-Differences, games, and pluralism

A prevalent stereotype is that people become less risk taking and more cautious as they get older. However, in laboratory studies, findings are mixed and often reveal no age differences. In the current series of experiments, we examined whether age differences in risk seeking are more likely to emerge when choices include a certain option (a sure gain or a sure loss). In four experiments, we found that age differences in risk preferences only emerged when participants were offered a choice between a risky and a certain gamble but not when offered two risky gambles. In particular, Experiments 1 and 2 included only gambles about potential gains. Here, compared with younger adults, older adults preferred a certain gain over a chance to win a larger gain and thus, exhibited more risk aversion in the domain of gains. But in Experiments 3 and 4, when offered the chance to take a small sure loss rather than risking a larger loss, older adults exhibited more risk seeking in the domain of losses than younger adults. Both their greater preference for sure gains and greater avoidance of sure losses suggest that older adults weigh certainty more heavily than younger adults. Experiment 4 also indicates that older adults focus more on positive emotions than younger adults do when considering their options, and that this emotional shift can at least partially account for age differences in how much people are swayed by certainty in their choices.

Risk preferences and aging: The "Certainty Effect" in older adults' decision making. Psychology and Aging, 27, 801-816.

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Why Language Matters For Theory Of Mind

Striking a Vital Balance: Developing A Complementary Focus on Human Weakness and Strength Through Positive Psychological Assessment - Shane J. Lopez, C. R. Snyder, & Heather N. Rasmussen Measuring and Labeling the Positive and the Negative - C. R. Snyder, Shane J. Lopez, Lisa M. Edwards, Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, Ellie C. Prosser, Stephanie LaRue Walton, Susan Spalitto, & Jon C. Uiven Positive Psychological Assessment in an Increasingly Diverse World - Lisa Flores & Ezemenari M. Obasi Learned Optimism: The Measurement of Explanatory Style - Karen Reivich & Jane Gillham Optimism - Charles C. Carver & Michael F. Scheier Hope: Many Definitions, Many Measures - Shane J. Lopez, C. R. Snyder, & Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti Measuring Career Self-Efficacy: Promoting Confidence and Happiness at Work - Karen M. O'Brien Problem-Solving Appraisal - P. Paul Heppner & Yu-Wei Wang Locus of Control: Back to Basics - Genevieve Fournier & Chantale Jeanrie Assessing Creativity in Research and Practice - Barb Kerr & Camea Gagliardi The Assessment of Wisdom-Related Performance - U. M. Staudinger & B. Leipold Profiling Courage - Shane J. Lopez, Kristin Koetting O'Byrne, & Stephanie Petersen Measuring Positive Emotions - Richard E. Lucas, Ed Diener, & Randy J. Larsen Assessing Self-Esteem - Todd F. Heatherton & Carrie L. Wyland Romantic Love: Measuring Cupid's Arrow - Clyde Hendrick & Susan S. Hendrick Measuring Emotional Inteiligence as a Set of Abilities With the MSCEIT - Peter Salovey, John D. Mayer, David Caruso, & Paulo N. Lopes Empathy and Its Measurement - Qing Zhou, Carlos Valiente, & Nancy Eisenberg The Assessment of Adult Attachment Security - Frederick G. Lopez Measuring Forgiveness - Laura Yamhure Thompson & C. R. Snyder Sense of Humor - Rod A. Martin The Assessment of Gratitude - Robert A. Emmons, Michael E. McCullough, & Jo-Ann Tsang Measuring Religious Constructs: A Hierarchical Approach to Construct Organization and Scale Selection - Jo-Ann Tsang & Michael E. McCullough Moral Judgment Maturity: From Clinical to Standard Measures - John C. Gibbs, Karen S. Basinger, & Rebecca L. Grime Vocational Psychology Assessment: Positive Human Characteristics Leading to Positive Work Outcomes - Christine Robitschek Positive Coping: Mastering Demands and Searching for Meaning - Ralf Schwarzer & Nina Knoll The Measurement and Utility of Adult Subjective Well - Being-Corey L. M. Keyes & Jeana L. Magyar-Moe Quality of Life - M. J. Power Environmental Assessment: Examining Influences on Optimal Human Functioning - Heather N. Rasmussen, Jason E. Neufeld, Jennifer C. Bouwkamp, Lisa M. Edwards, Alicia Ito, Jeana L. Magyar-Moe, Jamie A. Ryder, & Shane J. Lopez The Future of Positive Psychological Assessment: Making a Difference - Shane J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder

Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures. Second Edition.

Background music refers to any music played while the listener is performing another activity. Most studies on this effect have been conducted on young adults, while little attention has been paid to the presence of this effect in older adults. Hence, this study aimed to address this imbalance by assessing the impact of different types of background music on cognitive tasks tapping declarative memory and processing speed in older adults. Overall, background music tended to improve performance over no music and white noise, but not always in the same manner. The theoretical and practical implications of the empirical findings are discussed.

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The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music.

Studies on age-related differences in risk perception in a real-world situation, such as the recent COVID-19 outbreak, showed that the risk perception of getting COVID-19 tends to decrease as age increases. This finding raised the question on what factors could explain risk perception in older adults. The present study examined age-related differences in risk perception in the early stages of COVID-19 lockdown, analyzing variables that can explain the differences in perception of risk at different ages. A total of 1,765 adults aged between 18 and 87 years old completed an online survey assessing perceived risk severity and risk vulnerability of getting COVID-19, sociodemographic status, emotional state, experience relating to COVID-19, and physical health status. Results showed that the older the participants, the lower the perceived vulnerability to getting COVID-19, but the higher the perceived severity. Different predictors explain the perception of risk severity and vulnerability at different ages. Overall, self-reported anxiety over the pandemic is a crucial predictor in explaining risk perceptions in all age groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the empirical findings are discussed.

Risk Perception in a Real-World Situation (COVID-19): How It Changes From 18 to 87 Years Old

Training older adults on Theory of Mind (ToM): Transfer on metamemory.

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute independent mental states to self and others in order to explain and predict social behavior. Recent research in this area has shown a decline in ToM abilities associated with normal aging that is of a moderate magnitude or greater. Very few studies have investigated whether it is possible to improve older adults' ToM abilities. The present study was designed to address this gap in the literature by evaluating the impact of a ToM training on practiced and transfer tasks. We provided older adults with a variety of activities designed to facilitate the generalization of benefits to other ToM-demanding tasks. Participants were 63 healthy older adults, native Italian speakers (M age = 71.44, SD = 5.24, age range: 63-81 years). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the ToM training (age range: 63-81 years) and the physical-conversation training (age range: 64-81 years). Training effects were measured using the strange stories (practiced task) and the animation task (transfer task). Results revealed the efficacy of the training in producing improvements on practiced but also on transfer tasks.

/pdf/training-for-generalization-in-theory-of-mind-a-study-with-126wul0goh.pdf

Training for generalization in Theory of Mind: a study with older adults

Objectives: Previous research on age-related changes in Theory of Mind (ToM) showed a decline in older adults, particularly pronounced over 75 years of age. Evidence that ToM may be enhanced in healthy aging people has been demonstrated, but no study has focused on the role of age on the effects of ToM training for elderly people. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of a ToM training on practiced (ToM Strange Stories) and transfer tasks (ToM Animations) in both young and older adults.Method: The study involved 127 older adults belonging to two age groups: young–old (Mage = 64.41; SD = 2.49; range: 60–69 years) and old–old (Mage = 75.66; SD = 4.38; range: 70–85 years), randomly assigned to either a ToM group or a control group condition. All participants took part in two 2-hour testing sessions and four 2-hour training sessions.Results: Results showed that both young–old and old–old adults in the ToM group condition improved their ability to reason on complex-mental states significantly ...

Alessia Rosi

Papers

The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music.

Risk Perception in a Real-World Situation (COVID-19): How It Changes From 18 to 87 Years Old

Training older adults on Theory of Mind (ToM): Transfer on metamemory.

Training for generalization in Theory of Mind: a study with older adults

Promoting theory of mind in older adults: does age play a role?