I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier

Electrolytes have been identified as some of the most influential components in the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs), which include: electrical double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. This paper reviews recent progress in the research and development of ES electrolytes. The electrolytes are classified into several categories, including: aqueous, organic, ionic liquids, solid-state or quasi-solid-state, as well as redox-active electrolytes. Effects of electrolyte properties on ES performance are discussed in detail. The principles and methods of designing and optimizing electrolytes for ES performance and application are highlighted through a comprehensive analysis of the literature. Interaction among the electrolytes, electro-active materials and inactive components (current collectors, binders, and separators) is discussed. The challenges in producing high-performing electrolytes are analyzed. Several possible research directions to overcome these challenges are proposed for future efforts, with the main aim of improving ESs' energy density without sacrificing existing advantages (e.g., a high power density and a long cycle-life) (507 references).

A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors

12.2.2. Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 4849 12.2.3. Dye Aggregation 4850 12.2.4. Optoelectronic Nanodevices 4850 12.3. Sensor 4851 12.3.1. Chemical Sensor 4851 12.3.2. Biological Sensor 4851 12.4. Catalysis 4852 13. Conclusion and Perspectives 4852 14. Abbreviations 4853 15. Acknowledgements 4854 16. References 4854 * Corresponding author E-mail: tpal@chem.iitkgp.ernet.in. † Raidighi College. § Indian Institute of Technology. 4797 Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 4797−4862

Interparticle Coupling Effect on the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles: From Theory to Applications

The ability to achieve simultaneous intrinsic deformation with fast response in commercially available materials that can safely contact skin continues to be an unresolved challenge for artificial actuating materials. Rather than using a microporous structure, here we show an ambient-driven actuator that takes advantage of inherent nanoscale molecular channels within a commercial perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer (PFSA) film, fabricated by simple solution processing to realize a rapid response, self-adaptive, and exceptionally stable actuation. Selective patterning of PFSA films on an inert soft substrate (polyethylene terephthalate film) facilitates the formation of a range of different geometries, including a 2D (two-dimensional) roll or 3D (three-dimensional) helical structure in response to vapor stimuli. Chemical modification of the surface allowed the development of a kirigami-inspired single-layer actuator for personal humidity and heat management through macroscale geometric design features, to afford a bilayer stimuli-responsive actuator with multicolor switching capability. Intrinsic deformation with fast response in commercially available materials that can safely contact skin continues to be a challenge for artificial actuating materials. Here the authors incorporate nanoscale molecular channels within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer for self-adaptive and ambient-driven actuation.

/pdf/molecular-channel-driven-actuator-with-considerations-for-4s2de9eg4f.pdf

Molecular-channel driven actuator with considerations for multiple configurations and color switching.

Two mechanisms of permeation of small neutral molecules and hydrated ions across phospholipid bilayers

Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness

Part 1 Chemistry at liquid interfaces: interfacial potentials and cells ion solvation and resolvation electroelastic instabilities in double layers and membranes the GvdW theory - a density functional theory of adsorption, surface tension and screening adsorption at polarized liquid-liquid interfaces nonlinear optics at liquid-liquid interfaces the lattice-gas and other simple models for liquid-liquid interfaces dynamic aspects of heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions at liquid-liquid interfaces dynamic behaviours of molecules at liquid-liquid interfaces using the time-resolved quasi-elastic laser scattering method microstructure effects on transport in reverse microemulsions investigation of oil-water interfaces by spectroscopic methods, reactions with rheological properties of multiphasic systems scanning electrochemical microscopy as a local probe of chemical processes at liquid interfaces hydrodynamic techniques for investigating reaction kinetics at liquid-liquid interfaces - historical overview and recent developments catalytic effect of the liquid-liquid interface in solvent extraction kinetics voltammetry at micro-ITIES. Part 2 Liquid interfaces in biological applications: water-in-oil microemulsions - protein encapsulation and release biomimetic charge transfers through artificial membranes DNA-modified electrodes - molecular recognition of DNA and biosensor applications phospholipids at liquid-liquid interfaces and their effect on charge transfer biocatalysis in liquid-liquid biphasic media - coupled mass transfer and chemical reactions design of biocomparable ion sensors the oscillation of membrane potential or membrane current selective ion transfer of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions facilitated by naphtho-15-crown-5 across liquid-liquid interfaces and bilayer lipid membrane Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of chrolophyll a and photosystem II complex interfacial electrical phenomena in green plants - action potentials. Part 3 Pharmaceutical applications - drugs at liquid interfaces.

Liquid Interfaces In Chemical, Biological And Pharmaceutical Applications

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) possesses an active trapping mechanism to capture insects with one of the most rapid movements in the plant kingdom, as described by Darwin. This article presents a detailed experimental investigation of trap closure by mechanical and electrical stimuli and the mechanism of this process. Trap closure consists of three distinctive phases: a silent phase with no observable movement; an accelerated movement of the lobes; and the relaxation of the lobes in their closed state, resulting in a new equilibrium. Uncouplers and blockers of membrane channels were used to investigate the mechanisms of different phases of closing. Uncouplers increased trap closure delay and significantly decreased the speed of trap closure. Ion channel blockers and aquaporin inhibitors increased time of closing. Transmission of a single electrical charge between a lobe and the midrib causes closure of the trap and induces an electrical signal propagating between both lobes and midrib. The Venus flytrap can accumulate small subthreshold charges, and when the threshold value is reached, the trap closes. Repeated application of smaller charges demonstrates the summation of stimuli. The cumulative character of electrical stimuli points to the existence of electrical memory in the Venus flytrap. The observed fast movement can be explained by the hydroelastic curvature model without invoking buckling instability. The new hydroelastic curvature mechanism provides an accurate description of the authors' experimental data.

Kinetics and Mechanism of Dionaea muscipula Trap Closing

Thigmonastic movements in the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica L., associated with fast responses to environmental stimuli, appear to be regulated through electrical and chemical signal transductions. The thigmonastic responses of M. pudica can be considered in three stages: stimulus perception, electrical signal transmission and induction of mechanical, hydrodynamical and biochemical responses. We investigated the mechanical movements of the pinnae and petioles in M. pudica induced by the electrical stimu- lation of a pulvinus, petiole, secondary pulvinus or pinna by a low electrical voltage and charge.The threshold value was 1.3-1.5 V of applied voltage and 2 to 10 mC of charge for the closing of the pinnules. Both voltage and electrical charge are responsible for the electro-stimulated closing of a leaf. The mechanism behind closing the leaf in M. pudica is discussed. The hydroelastic curvature mechanism closely describes the kinetics of M. pudica leaf movements.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02066.x

Alexander G. Volkov

Papers

Two mechanisms of permeation of small neutral molecules and hydrated ions across phospholipid bilayers

Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness

Liquid Interfaces In Chemical, Biological And Pharmaceutical Applications

Kinetics and Mechanism of Dionaea muscipula Trap Closing

Mimosa pudica: Electrical and mechanical stimulation of plant movements