The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

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Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

CHAPTER 24 – Evolution of Protein Molecules

Semiconductor nanocrystals were prepared for use as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics. Compared with conventional fluorophores, the nanocrystals have a narrow, tunable, symmetric emission spectrum and are photochemically stable. The advantages of the broad, continuous excitation spectrum were demonstrated in a dual-emission, single-excitation labeling experiment on mouse fibroblasts. These nanocrystal probes are thus complementary and in some cases may be superior to existing fluorophores.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/281/5385/2013.full.pdf

Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels

Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/281/5385/2016.full.pdf

Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Ultrasensitive Nonisotopic Detection

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2887%2980678-6

Amino acid sequences of α‐allophycocyanin B from Synechococcus 6301 and Mastigocladus laminosus

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/234/4782/1422.full.pdf

Role of phycoerythrin in marine picoplankton Synechococcus spp

Homology of amino-terminal regions of C-phycocyanins from a prokaryote and a eukaryote

High‐resolution circular dichroism of N‐acetyl‐L‐phenylalaninamide: Solvent effects

A simple procedure is described for the preparation of cyanobacterial photosystem I particles with a full complement of antenna chlorophyll a from Triton X-100-solubilized thylakoid membranes. In the presence of ≥0.1% Triton X-100, photosystem I particles from Synechococcus 6301 were largely monodisperse. These particles, when negatively stained, appeared to approximate prolate ellipsoids 18 × 8 nm. A value of 4-5 × 10-19 cm3 was estimated for the volume of the stain-exclusion envelopes of the particles. At low concentrations of Triton X-100, photosystem I particles formed linear aggregates or sheets one-layer thick. The manner of aggregation was strongly dependent on protein concentration. Shadowed preparations of the sheets indicated a thickness of 8.0-8.5 nm.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/80/19/5923.full.pdf

Alexander N. Glazer

Papers

Amino acid sequences of α‐allophycocyanin B from Synechococcus 6301 and Mastigocladus laminosus

Role of phycoerythrin in marine picoplankton Synechococcus spp

Homology of amino-terminal regions of C-phycocyanins from a prokaryote and a eukaryote

High‐resolution circular dichroism of N‐acetyl‐L‐phenylalaninamide: Solvent effects

Cyanobacterial photosystem I: Morphology and aggregation behavior