Alfred Dorsey

Bio: Alfred Dorsey is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Strontium. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 62 citations.

Toxicological profile for strontium

Abstract: DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. A Toxicological Profile for strontium, Draft for Public Comment was released in July 2001. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: vi Background Information The toxicological profiles are developed by ATSDR pursuant to Section 104(i) (3) and (5) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund) for hazardous substances found at Department of Energy (DOE) waste sites. CERCLA directs ATSDR to prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances most commonly found at facilities on the CERCLA National Priorities List (NPL) and that pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the EPA. ATSDR and DOE entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on November 4, 1992 which provided that ATSDR would prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances based upon ATSDR=s or DOE=s identification of need. The current ATSDR priority list of hazardous substances at DOE NPL sites was announced in the Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in …

Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol

Abstract: Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol Monique Williams 1 , Amanda Villarreal 1 , Krassimir Bozhilov 2 , Sabrina Lin 1 , Prue Talbot 1 * 1 Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America, 2 Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America Abstract Background: Electronic cigarettes (EC) deliver aerosol by heating fluid containing nicotine. Cartomizer EC combine the fluid chamber and heating element in a single unit. Because EC do not burn tobacco, they may be safer than conventional cigarettes. Their use is rapidly increasing worldwide with little prior testing of their aerosol. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that EC aerosol contains metals derived from various components in EC. Methods: Cartomizer contents and aerosols were analyzed using light and electron microscopy, cytotoxicity testing, x-ray microanalysis, particle counting, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results: The filament, a nickel-chromium wire, was coupled to a thicker copper wire coated with silver. The silver coating was sometimes missing. Four tin solder joints attached the wires to each other and coupled the copper/silver wire to the air tube and mouthpiece. All cartomizers had evidence of use before packaging (burn spots on the fibers and electrophoretic movement of fluid in the fibers). Fibers in two cartomizers had green deposits that contained copper. Centrifugation of the fibers produced large pellets containing tin. Tin particles and tin whiskers were identified in cartridge fluid and outer fibers. Cartomizer fluid with tin particles was cytotoxic in assays using human pulmonary fibroblasts. The aerosol contained particles .1 m m comprised of tin, silver, iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicate and nanoparticles (,100 nm) of tin, chromium and nickel. The concentrations of nine of eleven elements in EC aerosol were higher than or equal to the corresponding concentrations in conventional cigarette smoke. Many of the elements identified in EC aerosol are known to cause respiratory distress and disease. Conclusions: The presence of metal and silicate particles in cartomizer aerosol demonstrates the need for improved quality control in EC design and manufacture and studies on how EC aerosol impacts the health of users and bystanders. Citation: Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P (2013) Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987 Editor: Stephen J. Johnson, University of Kansas, United States of America Received August 31, 2012; Accepted January 30, 2013; Published March 20, 2013 Copyright: s 2013 Willliams et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by grants from the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP) to PT, a Cornelius Hopper Award to MW, a MARC National Institutes of Health (NIH) fellowship to AV, and a TRDRP Postdoctoral Fellowship to SL. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: talbot@ucr.edu As EC have evolved, the atomizer and cartridge have often been combined into a single unit called a ‘‘cartomizer’’ [6]. Recent studies have shown that EC can deliver nicotine to users, although not always as effectively as conventional cigarettes [7,8]. EC may help smokers overcome nicotine addiction and/or serve as nicotine delivery devices that are safer than tobacco burning cigarettes [9,10]. EC have helped some smokers stop using conventional brands and either quit smoking entirely or switch to the presumably safer EC [11,12]. Their effectiveness in this regard may be aided by the hand-mouth motion that the EC provides, unlike nicotine patches and gum. Some users have reported to us that EC have helped them break nicotine addiction, but not the hand-mouth addiction associated with smoking. Because EC do not burn tobacco, they do not produce the numerous chemicals found in conventional tobacco smoke. For Introduction Electronic cigarettes (EC) are generally manufactured in China and are rapidly gaining acceptance in many countries [1,2]. In the United States, EC are available on the Internet, in malls, and in local shops. They have become an integral part of the environment without much information regarding the quality control used in their manufacture or their health effects [3]. EC deliver aerosolized nicotine to users and may serve as a surrogate for conventional tobacco-containing cigarettes [4,5]. Puffing an EC activates a battery that in turn heats liquid containing flavoring, a humectant(s) such as propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin, and nicotine. Some models, such as the one used in this study, do not contain nicotine. Early models of EC had separate atomizers for heating and cartridges for holding fluid [3]. PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org March 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 3 | e57987

Ellenhorn's medical toxicology : diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning/ Matthew J. Ellenhorn ; consulting editors, Donald G. Barceloux, Seth Schonwald, Jonathan Wasserberger ; technical associate, Sylvia Syma Ellenhorn

Abstract: Part 1 Principles of poison management: the clinical approach diagnostic procedures gut decontamination elimination enhancement antidotes supportive care toxicokinetics the pregnant patient. Part 3 Drugs: analgesics - newer analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenazopyridrine salicylate update anti-infectivedrugs - AIDS drugs, antifungal drugs, antiparasitic drugs, antiviral drugs drugs of abuse - amphetamines and designer drugs, cocaine, hallucinogenic drugs, marijuana and other cannabinoids, phencyclidine, opiates systems toxicology - bone drug toxicology, blood and blood forming products, anticoagulants, antifibrinolytics, thrombolytics, blood transfusions and citrate intoxication, cytokines, plasma volume expanders, ticlopidine, cardiovascular toxicology, antiarrhthmic drugs, antihypersensitive agents, vasodilators, lipid lowering drugs, central nervous system drugs, anticonvulsants, the psychotropic agents, antidepressant agents, cyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, the neuroleptics, sedative hypnotics, endocrine drugs, gastrointestinal tract drugs, immunotoxicology, respiratory tract drugs receptor toxicology - antimuscarines, dopamine receptor drugs, H1 receptor drugs, serotonin receptor agents, muscle relaxants unclassified drugs. Part 3 The home: over-the-counter products, food poisonings, household poisonings. Part 4 Chemicals: the alcohols, anaesthetics, antiseptics and disinfectants, chemical disasters, chemical warfare, contrast media, cancer chemotherapeutic agents (cytoxic drugs), disulfiram, explosives, hobbies, arts and crafts, the hydrocarbon products, respiratory toxicology, metals and related compounds, pesticides, plastics and plasticizers and epoxy resins, radiation poisoning, veterinary product poisonings in man. Part 5 Natural toxins: envenomations - bites and stings, indigenous toxicology, folk medicine, plants - mycotoxins - mushrooms.

Suggestive linkage of the parathyroid receptor type 1 to osteoporosis

Abstract: We have investigated the role of 23 candidate genes in the control of bone mineral density (BMD) by linkage studies in families of probands with osteoporosis (lumbar spine [LS] or femoral neck [FN] BMD T score < -2.5) and low BMD relative to an age- and gender-matched cohort (Z score < -2.0). One hundred and fifteen probands (35 male, 80 female) and 499 of their first- or second-degree relatives (223 males and 276 females) were recruited for the study. BMD was measured at the LS and FN using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and expressed as age- and gender-matched Z scores corrected for body mass index. The candidate genes studied were the androgen receptor, type I collagen A1 (COLIA1), COLIA2, COLIIA1, vitamin D receptor (VDR), colony-stimulating factor 1, calcium-sensing receptor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), fibrillin type 1, insulin-like growth factor 1, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), osteopontin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide, PTH receptor type 1 (PTHR1), transforming growth factor-beta 1, and tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta. Sixty-four microsatellites lying close to or within these genes were investigated for linkage with BMD. Using the program MapMaker/Sibs there was suggestive evidence of linkage between BMD and PTHR1 (maximum LOD score obtained [MLS] 2.7-3.5). Moderate evidence of linkage was also observed with EGF (MLS 1.8), COLIA1 (MLS 1.7), COLIIA1/VDR (MLS 1.7), ESR1 (MLS 1.4), IL-1α (MLS 1.4), IL-4 (MLS 1.2), and IL-6 (MLS 1.2). Variance components analysis using the program ACT, correcting for proband-wise ascertainment, also showed evidence of linkage (p ≤0.05) at markers close to or within the candidate genes IL- 1α, PTHR1, IL-6, and COLIIA1/VDR. Further studies will be required to confirm these findings, to refine the location of gene responsible for the observed linkage, and to screen the candidate genes targeted at these loci for mutations.

Minerals and vitamins in bone health: the potential value of dietary enhancement.

Abstract: Nutrition is important to bone health, and a number of minerals and vitamins have been identified as playing a potential role in the prevention of bone diseases, particularly osteoporosis. Despite this, there is currently no consensus on maximum levels to allow in food or as dietary supplements. The benefits of supplementation of populations at risk of osteoporosis with Ca and vitamin D are well established. Prolonged supplementation of Ca and vitamin D in elderly has been shown to prevent bone loss, and in some intervention studies to prevent fragility fractures. Although P is essential to bone health, the average intake is considered to be more than sufficient and supplementation could raise intake to adverse levels. The role of vitamin K in bone health is less well defined, though it may enhance the actions of Ca and vitamin D. Sr administered in pharmacological doses as the ranelate salt was shown to prevent fragility fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, there is no hard evidence that supplementation with Sr salts would be beneficial in the general population. Mg is a nutrient implicated in bone quality, but the benefit of supplementation via foodstuffs remains to be established. A consensus on dietary supplementation for bone health should balance the risks, for example, exposure of vulnerable populations to values close to maximal tolerated doses, against evidence for benefits from randomised clinical trials, such as those for Ca and vitamin D. Feedback from community studies should direct further investigations and help formulate a consensus on dietary supplementation for bone health.