Many of the recent advances in enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit are linked to nanoscale phenomena found both in bulk samples containing nanoscale constituents and in nanoscale samples themselves. Prior theoretical and experimental proof-of-principle studies on quantum-well superlattice and quantum-wire samples have now evolved into studies on bulk samples containing nanostructured constituents prepared by chemical or physical approaches. In this Review, nanostructural composites are shown to exhibit nanostructures and properties that show promise for thermoelectric applications, thus bringing together low-dimensional and bulk materials for thermoelectric applications. Particular emphasis is given in this Review to the ability to achieve 1) a simultaneous increase in the power factor and a decrease in the thermal conductivity in the same nanocomposite sample and for transport in the same direction and 2) lower values of the thermal conductivity in these nanocomposites as compared to alloy samples of the same chemical composition. The outlook for future research directions for nanocomposite thermoelectric materials is also discussed.

https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/physics/pdf/Ren/AdvMater_19_1043_2007.pdf

New Directions for Low-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials**

Part I: Background and Fundamentals Introduction, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Scaling of Micromechanical Devices, William Trimmer, Standard MEMS, Inc., and Robert H. Stroud, Aerospace Corporation Mechanical Properties of MEMS Materials, William N. Sharpe, Jr., Johns Hopkins University Flow Physics, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Integrated Simulation for MEMS: Coupling Flow-Structure-Thermal-Electrical Domains, Robert M. Kirby and George Em Karniadakis, Brown University, and Oleg Mikulchenko and Kartikeya Mayaram, Oregon State University Liquid Flows in Microchannels, Kendra V. Sharp and Ronald J. Adrian, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Juan G. Santiago and Joshua I. Molho, Stanford University Burnett Simulations of Flows in Microdevices, Ramesh K. Agarwal and Keon-Young Yun, Wichita State University Molecular-Based Microfluidic Simulation Models, Ali Beskok, Texas A&M University Lubrication in MEMS, Kenneth S. Breuer, Brown University Physics of Thin Liquid Films, Alexander Oron, Technion, Israel Bubble/Drop Transport in Microchannels, Hsueh-Chia Chang, University of Notre Dame Fundamentals of Control Theory, Bill Goodwine, University of Notre Dame Model-Based Flow Control for Distributed Architectures, Thomas R. Bewley, University of California, San Diego Soft Computing in Control, Mihir Sen and Bill Goodwine, University of Notre Dame Part II: Design and Fabrication Materials for Microelectromechanical Systems Christian A. Zorman and Mehran Mehregany, Case Western Reserve University MEMS Fabrication, Marc J. Madou, Nanogen, Inc. LIGA and Other Replication Techniques, Marc J. Madou, Nanogen, Inc. X-Ray-Based Fabrication, Todd Christenson, Sandia National Laboratories Electrochemical Fabrication (EFAB), Adam L. Cohen, MEMGen Corporation Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide MEMS, Robert S. Okojie, NASA Glenn Research Center Deep Reactive Ion Etching for Bulk Micromachining of Silicon Carbide, Glenn M. Beheim, NASA Glenn Research Center Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Aerospace Applications, Gary W. Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center, Chung-Chiun Liu, Case Western Reserve University, and Darby B. Makel, Makel Engineering, Inc. Packaging of Harsh-Environment MEMS Devices, Liang-Yu Chen and Jih-Fen Lei, NASA Glenn Research Center Part III: Applications of MEMS Inertial Sensors, Paul L. Bergstrom, Michigan Technological University, and Gary G. Li, OMM, Inc. Micromachined Pressure Sensors, Jae-Sung Park, Chester Wilson, and Yogesh B. Gianchandani, University of Wisconsin-Madison Sensors and Actuators for Turbulent Flows. Lennart Loefdahl, Chalmers University of Technology, and Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Surface-Micromachined Mechanisms, Andrew D. Oliver and David W. Plummer, Sandia National Laboratories Microrobotics Thorbjoern Ebefors and Goeran Stemme, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Microscale Vacuum Pumps, E. Phillip Muntz, University of Southern California, and Stephen E. Vargo, SiWave, Inc. Microdroplet Generators. Fan-Gang Tseng, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Micro Heat Pipes and Micro Heat Spreaders, G. P. "Bud" Peterson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Microchannel Heat Sinks, Yitshak Zohar, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Flow Control, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame) Part IV: The Future Reactive Control for Skin-Friction Reduction, Haecheon Choi, Seoul National University Towards MEMS Autonomous Control of Free-Shear Flows, Ahmed Naguib, Michigan State University Fabrication Technologies for Nanoelectromechanical Systems, Gary H. Bernstein, Holly V. Goodson, and Gregory L. Snider, University of Notre Dame Index

The MEMS Handbook

A colloidal mixture of nano-sized particles in a base fluid, called nanofluids, tremendously enhances the heat transfer characteristics of the original fluid, and is ideally suited for practical applications due to its marvelous characteristics. This article addresses the unique features of nanofluids, such as enhancement of heat transfer, improvement in thermal conductivity, increase in surface volume ratio, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, etc. In addition, the article summarizes the recent research in experimental and theoretical studies on forced and free convective heat transfer in nanofluids, their thermo-physical properties and their applications, and identifies the challenges and opportunities for future research.

Enhancement of heat transfer using nanofluids—An overview

Cooling of photovoltaic cells under concentrated illumination: a critical review

Light emitting diodes reliability review

This festschrift volume is a compilation of all the papers presented at the Arthur E.
Bergles Symposium held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia on November 16, 1996. The papers included in this volume span the areas of heat transfer where Professor Bergles has made seminal contributions - heat transfer enhancement, pool and forced convective boiling, cooling of electronic and microelectronic devices, single phase forced convection and process heat transfer. 
Professor Bergles has been one of the foremost articulators of the need for careful experimentation, appropriate numerical computing, and frequent interactions among various constituencies to achieve progress in the field of heat transfer. Throughout his work, he has always emphasized the applied aspects of fundamental research, and has endeavored to show how the results ultimately might be applied in industry.
 
519 pages,
 © 1996

Process, Enhanced, and Multiphase Heat Transfer

The Thermal/Fluid Sciences: Introductory Concepts Thermodynamics Fluid Mechanics Heat Transfer Engineered Systems and Products Historical Development The Thermal/Fluid Sciences and the Environment Thermodynamics: Preliminary Concepts and Definitions The Study of Thermodynamics Some Definitions Dimensions and Units Density and Related Properties Pressure Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Problem-Solving Methodology Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics Kinetic, Potential, and Internal Energy Work Heat The First Law of Thermodynamics The Energy Balance for Closed Systems The Ideal Gas Model Ideal Gas Enthalpy and Specific Heats Processes of an Ideal Gas Properties of Pure, Simple Compressible Substances The State Postulate P-v-T Relationships Thermodynamic Property Data The T-s and h-s Diagrams Real Gas Behavior Equations of State The Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas Control Volume Mass and Energy Analysis The Control Volume Conservation of Mass Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume Specific Heats of Incompressible Substances Applications of Control Volume Energy Analysis Synthesis or Analysis? The First Law Heat Balance Design Example The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Kelvin-Planck Statement and Heat Engines The Clausius Statement: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps The Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements Reversible and Irreversible Processe The Carnot Cycle The Carnot Cycle with External Irreversibilities The Absolute Temperature Scales Entropy The Classical Definition of Entropy The Clausius Inequality The Temperature-Entropy Diagram The Gibbs Property Relations Entropy Change for Solids, Liquids, and Ideal Gases The Isentropic Process for an Ideal Gas Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady Flow Devices The Entropy Balance Equation Gas Power Systems The Internal Combustion Engine The Air Standard Otto Cycle Design Example The Air Standard Diesel Cycle The Gas Turbine The Jet Engine Vapor Power and Refrigeration Cycles The Steam Power Plant The Ideal Rankine Cycle The Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat The Effect of Irreversibilities The Rankine Cycle with Superheat and Reheat Design Example The Ideal Rankine Cycle with Regeneration The Ideal Refrigeration Cycle The Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Departures from the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Mixtures of Gases, Vapors, and Combustion Products Mixtures of Ideal Gases Psychrometrics The Psychrometric Chart The Products of Combustion Introduction to Fluid Mechanics The Definition of a Fluid Fluid Properties and Flow Properties The Variation of Properties in a Fluid The Continuum Concept Laminar and Turbulent Flow Fluid Stress Conventions and Concepts Viscosity, a Fluid Property Design Example Other Fluid Properties Fluid Statics Pressure Variation in a Static Field Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces Design Example Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces Buoyancy Stability Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration Control Volume Analysis-Mass and Energy Conservation Fundamental Laws Conservation of Mass Mass Conservation Applications The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume Applications of the Control Volume Expression for the First Law The Bernoulli Equation Design Example Newton's Second Law of Motion Linear Momentum Applications of the Control Volume Expression Design Example The Control Volume Relation for the Moment of Momentum Applications of the Moment of Momentum Relationship Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Fundamental Dimensions The Buckingham Pi Theorem Reduction of Differential Equations to a Dimensionless Form Dimensional Analysis of Rotating Machines Similarity Viscous Flow Reynolds' Experiment Fluid Drag Design Example Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat Plate Flow in Pipes and Pipe Networks Frictional Loss in Pipes Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow Fully Developed Flow Friction Factors for Fully Developed Flow Friction Factor and Head Loss Determination for Pipe Flow Design Example Design Example Design Example Multiple-Path Pipe Systems Fluid Machinery The Centrifugal Pump The Net Positive Suction Head Combining Pump and System Performance Scaling Laws for Pumps and Fans Axial and Mixed Flow Pumps Turbines Introduction to Heat Transfer Conduction Thermal Conductivity Convection Radiation Thermal Resistance Combined Mechanisms of Heat Transfer The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Steady-State Conduction The General Equation of Heat Conduction Conduction in Plane Walls Radial Heat Flow Simple Shapes with Heat Generation Extended Surfaces Two-Dimensional Conduction Unsteady-State Conduction The Lumped Capacitance Model The Semi-Infinite Solid Design Example Finite-Sized Solids Forced Convection-Internal Flow Temperature Distributions with Internal Forced Convection Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients Applications of Internal Flow Forced Convection Correlations Design Example Design Example Forced Convection-External Flow Flow Parallel to a Plane Wall External Flow over Bluff Bodies Design Example Free or Natural Convection Governing Parameters Working Correlations for Natural Convection Natural Convection in Parallel Plate Channels Design Example Natural Convection in Enclosures Heat Exchangers Governing Relationships Heat Exchanger Analysis Methods Design Example Finned Heat Exchangers Radiation Heat Transfer The Electromagnetic Spectrum Monochromatic Emissive Power Radiation Properties and Kirchhoff's Law Radiation Intensity and Lambert's Cosine Law Heat Flow between Blackbodies Heat Flow by Radiation between Two Bodies Radiosity and Irradiation Radiation within Enclosures by a Network Method Appendix A: Tables and Charts Appendix B: Summary of Differential Vector Operations in Three Coordinate Systems

Allan D. Kraus

Papers

Process, Enhanced, and Multiphase Heat Transfer

Introduction to thermal and fluid engineering

Process, Enhanced, and Multiphase Heat Transfer: A Festschrift for A.E. Bergles

Multidimensional Heat Transfer in Fins and Fin Assemblies

Cooling Electric Equipment