Álvaro Pérez-Ugena

Bio: Álvaro Pérez-Ugena is an academic researcher from King Juan Carlos University. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 25 citations.

Los estereotipos de género en la publicidad de los juguetes

Abstract: La investigacion realizada sobre la campana publicitaria juguetera emitida en Espana en la television comercial durante las navidades del 2009-10 manifiesta una clara tendencia a la repeticion de los estereotipos sexuales. Se selecciono una muestra de 379 anuncios emitidos en las cadenas comerciales a las que se aplico una ficha de codificacion de 253 items. Se destacan en los spot todavia valores distintos en atencion al genero como diversion y competicion, riesgo y agresividad para los chicos y belleza, apariencia o la atencion a las tareas del hogar para las ninas. Hemos analizado los juguetes mas anunciados, el color de las marcas, la voz en off vinculada a los productos y los valores asociados a los mismos para determinar el uso dado a estas herramientas.

Violencia en televisión, análisis de la programación en horario infantil

Abstract: The concept of Public Service has recently suffered a big transformation. After loosing its educational and positive connotations what remains now is its negative dimension: child protection. The present article shows the first results of an exhaustive and longitudinal research over the television content broadcast during the special protection hours. Focus has been paid to violence infractions. With the classic methodology for this type of content research analysing over 8,100 hours of visual work and codification. The results offer the data from comparative description of infractions on every network: programs, people involved on violence acts, period of time and so on. It also shed some light on the evolution over the last four years of television content from a comparative perspective. The article concludes with the resulting data showing how during the last two years, with a stricter self selection of content by networks, has not alleviated the level of infractions, and violence is still used by networks to increase their share. The final remark is that it seems as if TV channels are victims of their own behaviour when making a choice of content selection. The highest number of infractions are found, in all networks, either public or private, on the programming with which they identify.

Publicidad y juguetes: Análisis de los códigos deontológicos y jurídicos

Abstract: This study examined toys spots on Spanish television during Christmas 2009 The idea is to know the level of fulfilment of the different self-regulation codes as well as the legislation involved in this subject The goal is to learn whether the messages comply with these codes and whether children are protected from the advertising that is misleading Everyone involved in the advertising process must be aware of the childs vulnerability Over a total of 379 spots, and a methodology developed ad hoc for this purpose we elaborate a data base with different parameters to be analyzed: identification of advertising message, characteristics linked to the product and messages that try to increase sales Results are focused on non-fulfilment repetitions from a quantitative point of view A 259% of the corpus is concentrated an illegible caption, the action to incite children to consume or go to different website references However the most successful action for the advertising industry has been that almost all of them have presented their products on television with their real dimensions, without modifications or exaggerations that change the real nature of products We recommend changes and modifications on the actual system of self-regulation as well as on global references for advertising

Violence on TV: Analysis of Childrens Programming

Abstract: The concept of Public Service has recently undergone a big transformation. After losing its educational and positive connotations, what remains now is its negative dimension: child protection. The present article shows the first results of exhaustive and longitudinal research of the television content broadcast during the special protection hours. Attention has been paid to violence infractions. With the classic methodology for this type of content research, we analysed over 8,100 hours of visual work and codification. The results offer data from a comparative description of infractions on every network: programmes, people involved in violent acts, period of time and so on. It also shed some light on the evolution of television content over the last four years from a comparative perspective. The article concludes with the resulting data showing how during the last two years, with a stricter self selection of content by networks, the level of infractions has not diminished, and violence is still used by networks to increase their audience share. The final remark is that it seems as if TV channels are victims of their own behaviour when making a choice of content selection. The highest number of infractions are found, in all networks, either public or private, in the programming with which they identify. RESUMEN Aceptando que el concepto de servicio publico ha sufrido una gran transformacion en estos ultimos anos, que ha perdido su contenido positivo-educativo y que solo resiste su dimension «negativa» de proteccion a la infancia, el presente trabajo presenta los primeros resultados de un estudio exhaustivo y longitudinal de los contenidos televisivos en horarios de proteccion infantil. La metodologia utilizada ha sido la propia de los estudios sobre el contenido: visionado (mas de 8.100 horas) codificacion y encuadre en las categorias formalizadas para su posterior tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos, al margen de una descripcion comparativa de infracciones por cadenas, franjas horarias, programas, sujetos participantes y sujetos involucrados desde el plano de la violencia, muestran una radiografia del marco televisivo dentro del horario especialmente protegido, a partir de un seguimiento de los incumplimientos de Codigo de Autorregulacion pactado entre las cadenas. Se presta una especial atencion a los volumenes y modalidades de violencia a la que son expuestos los ninos. Esta investigacion pone de relieve que, desgraciadamente, a pesar de que se detecta una cierta mejora en los dos ultimos anos, la proteccion a la infancia es aun muy deficiente. Nuestra conclusion es que las cadenas son victimas de la estructura programatica por la que optan, toda vez que el mayor nivel de incumplimientos se concentra en las apuestas especificas de su programacion diferencial.

Amor y formación de pareja: factores implicados en la adolescencia

Abstract: espanolResumen La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivos principales revisar y exponer los factores implicados en el fenomeno del amor y formacion de pareja y su manifestacion en la adolescencia. Para ello se utiliza una metodologia de revision teorica, una busqueda exhaustiva de informacion que facilita el estudio detallado y selectivo, ofreciendo una vision completa y unitaria de la tematica general. Partiendo de estas cuestiones, se muestran cuatro grandes bloques. El primero, engloba una perspectiva amplia del concepto de amor y pareja. Incluye un repaso historico, cultural, teorico y conceptual que permite la contextualizacion de estas nociones. En el segundo, se plasma el desarrollo adolescente en sus diversos aspectos y el salto que suponen con respecto a la infancia. El tercer bloque gira sobre el aspecto biologico del amor, desde planteamientos evolucionistas, hasta sustancias y estructuras cerebrales implicadas y sus funciones. El cuarto incluye la influencia contextual. Por un lado, la familia, que contiene el proceso de edificacion del apego, estilos educativos, maltrato y divorcio. Por otro, los medios de comunicacion y su papel en el refuerzo y expansion de estereotipos, roles de genero y mitos del amor romantico. A modo de conclusion, concretar que los factores expuestos conducen a una comprension general del amor y construccion de la pareja durante la fase adolescente. La revision profunda de esta tematica, al ofrecer una panoramica global, permite aportar matizaciones y limitaciones en torno a aquellos elementos que requieren mayor analisis, asi como sugerencias a posibles futuras vias de investigacion, basadas en el trabajo y adaptacion a las necesidades reales diarias, buscando un incremento en la toma de conciencia tanto de los adolescentes, como de su entorno proximo. El poseer un conocimiento sobre los diversos factores y la forma en la que interactuan entre si, facilita la adopcion de un enfoque mas completo y objetivo sobre lo que implica el amor y la pareja, influyendo en la construccion de relaciones mucho mas saludables actuales y futuras. EnglishABSTRACT The Doctoral Report provides an up-to-date view on the impact of new technologies on labor relations, the lack of specific legal regulation determines that we are facing a quasijurisprudential right of creation and that the constitutional irradiation is stronger than in other areas, That the role of the Constitutional Court is decisive in this area. Even so, it can be said that the terrain is "shifting", because sometimes there are questioned doctrinal changes, which lead to strong doctrinal debates and produce contradictory sentences in the different High Courts of Justice, with the legal uncertainty that this entails. In everything, if it is a question of offering an answer to all the multiple questions that are raised, making a detailed analysis of the most relevant judicial doctrine; At European level, of our High Courts and of the different TSJs of each of the autonomous communities, and finally contrasting the response of the courts with that of the most authoritative doctrine. Therefore, the methodology used has been, on the one hand, to go to the scientific doctrine of the last decades through monographs, magazine articles and even blogs and on the other hand to exhaustively analyze many of the sentences that exist in the matter from the Decade of the eighties of the last century to the present, proceeding to enumerate them according to the jurisprudential evolution they have had, working with three legislative databases. Memory is composed of two parts; The first is called Conceptual Bases and context, is composed of five chapters, which are as follows: 1 st. New technologies and labor relations. 2o. Respect for Constitutional Rights. 3o. Preventive or ordering of the conflict. 4o. Disciplinary decisions: accreditation and sanction of non-compliance. 5th. Aim of Comparative Law. Throughout the different chapters the most relevant judicial pronouncements in the matter are analyzed and they form part of the doctrine, establishing a general and common theory from which to leave and laying down basic premises and conclusions, which are going to be determinant to go To the next part. The second part, called Control of the Worker with and by means of new technologies, is the one to proceed in each of the technologies in question with its own peculiarities and specialties, it is composed of five chapters, which are the following: 1 st. Access to telematic instruments for professional use. (It addresses everything related to access to the employee's computer, emails, web browsing, mobile worker etc.) 2o. Labor control of the worker. (GPS, detectives, video surveillance and other localization mechanisms.) 3o. Control of private behavior. (The different social networks are analyzed). 4o. Biometric magnitudes. 5th. Special work systems. (Teleworking and telemarketing). The conclusions are expressed, mainly, from the systematic analysis of the most relevant judicial doctrine, and with recommendations of lege ferenda, because we move in the anomie, from the legal point of view, in what many call the "laziness" of the legislator In this matter or a bad aging of the labor legislation in the field of new technologies. EnglishAbstract This doctoral thesis main objectives are the review and the exposition of the factors involved in the phenomenon of love and the creation of couples and its manifestation in adolescence. We will use a theoretical review methodology, an exhaustive search of information that facilitates a detailed and selective study, offering a complete and unified vision of the general theme. Based on these issues, we have four large blocks. The first one, comprehends a broad perspective of love and partners. It includes a historic, cultural, theoretical and conceptual review which gives contextualization to these notions. In the second one, adolescent development in its several aspects is shown as well as the contrast between adolescence and childhood. The third block is about the biological aspect of love, from an evolutionary approach, to the involvement of cerebral substances and structures and their functions. The fourth one includes the contextual influence. On one hand, family which is in charge of the attachment building process, educational styles, abuse and divorce. And on the other hand, media and its role in the expansion and the reinforcement of stereotypes, gender roles and romantic love myths. As a conclusion, we point out that exposed factors lead to a general understanding of love and construction of the couple during the adolescent stage. The deep review of this issue, as a global vision, allows us to provide qualifications and limitations to those elements that require further analysis, as well as suggestions for possible future lines of research, based on the work and adaptation to daily needs, looking for an increase in awareness in teenagers and their environment. A knowledge about all these factors and the way in which they interact among themselves, facilitates the adoption of a more complex and objective view on the meaning of love and couples, influencing the creation of much healthier relationships now and in the future.

Just Within the Limits of the Law: Minors from Consumers of Advertising to Creators of Advertising in Spain

Abstract: Children have gone from being consumers of advertising to being creators of advertising. This article provides an overview of the different lines of research on advertising and minors in Spain over the last 10 years and uses it as a basis to argue that the concept of the minor needs to be clarified and multiple regulations need to be unified, which should also be applied to new trends (such as kidgamers and YouTubers). This study highlights the need to find, on a global level, more specialized research lines that are more relevant to current realities, such as the YouTuber advertising that kids are exposed to today.

La representación de género en las campañas de publicidad de juguetes en Navidades (2009-12)

Abstract: Este trabajo analiza la representacion de los generos en la publicidad infantil espanola mediante el estudio de siete variables: tipos de productos, genero representado, mensajesvalores, voz en off, periodo, acciones representadas e interaccion entre personajes. Estas variables se recogen de trabajos que estudian los usos y las preferencias de seleccion de los juguetes segun el genero del nino y de estudios que analizan los modos y formas de la publicidad para representar a los ninos y a los juguetes. El universo de la muestra lo constituyen 595 anuncios de juguetes emitidos en los canales de television: TVE1, TVE2, Telecinco, Antena 3, Cuatro, La Sexta, Boing y Disney Channel durante tres periodos de tiempo: Navidades de 2009, 2010 y 2011. Se ha escogido la Navidad ya que durante este periodo se emiten la gran mayoria de los anuncios de juguetes. Los resultados demuestran que, aunque hay paridad en la representacion de genero en la publicidad infantil de la muestra analizada, existen claras diferencias en las tipologias de los juguetes mas anunciados. La publicidad de figuras de accion alberga mayor porcentaje de personajes masculinos asociados a valores como competencia, individualismo, habilidad y desarrollo fisico, creatividad, poder y fuerza. Sin embargo, los anuncios de munecas tiene mayor porcentaje de personajes infantiles femeninos y estos se asocian a los valores belleza y maternidad.

Televisión infantil en Colombia: caracterización desde los canales públicos, la audiencia y su programación

Abstract: espanolEsta investigacion tiene como objetivo caracterizar la television infantil desde los canales publicos, la audiencia y su programacion, como aporte significativo en el campo audiovisual. Desde un enfoque cualitativo con utilizacion de instrumentos mixtos, se realiza analisis de contenidos de los programas emitidos para el publico infantil; se indaga por las preferencias televisivas de los ninos colombianos para contrastarla con la oferta y el reconocimiento del canal publico nacional; se consulta la percepcion de los encargados de la programacion y la realizacion de los canales; se analizan los flujos de programacion para identificar la produccion infantil propia dentro de la parrilla. Como resultados, se entrega un estado del arte nacional y se enfatiza en un campo que presenta avances significativos en el apoyo estatal, pero con grandes vacios entre lo que los ninos estan y quisieran consumir, y la oferta del canal publico nacional. EnglishThis research aims to characterize children's television from public channels, the audience and programming, as a significant contribution in the audiovisual field. From a qualitative approach using mixed instruments, is analysis of contents of programs issued for children; It investigates Colombian children 's television preferences as to contrast it with the offer and the recognition of the national public channel; consultation the perception of those in charge of programming and realization of channels; programming workflows are analyzed to identify the children's own production inside the grill. As a result, an actual national review of children and television relationship. The research emphasized in a field that presents significant advances in State support, but with large gaps between children's preferences the offer of the public channel.

La educación informal de los medios de comunicación y la protección de los menores de la violencia en televisión: historia de un fracaso

Abstract: Recientes estudios muestran una preocupante complacencia de los ninos y jovenes con el uso de la violencia como practica para obtener sus deseos. Salvando el debate y desacuerdo entre los investigadores sobre la naturaleza de la influencia de la television, asumimos la perspectiva de que, en todo caso, el tema de las repercusiones y el tratamiento de los contenidos televisivos es una cuestion civica, no meramente cientifica. Sin duda la television, con sus formidables recursos pedagogicos, resulta un poderoso agente educativo, y los ninos y adolescentes son grandes consumidores de este medio. Junto a esto, una trayectoria de reiteradas y persistentes vulneraciones por parte de las televisiones de sus autocompromisos y de la normativa vigente en materia de comunicacion y proteccion de los menores respecto a la emision de contenidos inapropiados para su formacion en los horarios de proteccion infantil son factores que no parecen ajenos a este panorama. Una violencia televisiva que se presenta ausente de dolor y consecuencias, justificable y con rasgos atractivos favorece su imitacion e influencia. Son viejas denuncias de cuestiones de enorme importancia formativa y social que no parecen merecer la necesaria atencion de los agentes con responsabili dades en la proteccion y educacion de los ninos y adolescentes. Profesores, padres, asociaciones de telespectadores, empresas audiovisuales, poderes publicos y sociedad en general deben afrontar su compromiso desde sus parcelas de competencia.