Showing papers by "Amartya Sen published in 2000"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate the concern for human development in the present with that in the future, and explore the relationship between distributional equity, sustainable development, optimal growth, and pure time preference.
726 citations
TL;DR: The Human Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as discussed by the authors have been used to take on the task of incorporating the view of human beings as ends in the accounting and assessment of development.
Abstract: Focuses on 'The Human Development Reports' of the United Nations Development Programme, that attempts to take on the task of incorporating the view of human beings as ends in the accounting and assessment of development. Need to adequately acknowledge the importance of human efforts, skills and talents; Progress of the conditions of human living; Distributional adjustment to the income component.
435 citations
TL;DR: A Decade of Human Development: A Decade in Human Development as discussed by the authors, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 17-23, 2000, New York, USA.
Abstract: (2000). A Decade of Human Development. Journal of Human Development: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 17-23.
343 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines and scrutinizes the merits and demerits of these additional requirements and concludes that the particular variant of cost-benefit analysis that is most commonly used now is, in fact, extraordinarily limited, because of its insistence on doing the valuation entirely through an analogy with the market mechanism.
Abstract: Cost‐benefit analysis is a general discipline, based on the use of some foundational principles, which are not altogether controversial, but have nevertheless considered plausibility. Divisiveness increases as various additional requirements are imposed. There is a trade‐off here between easier usability (through locked‐up formulae) and more general acceptability (through allowing parametric variations). The paper examines and scrutinizes the merits and demerits of these additional requirements. The particular variant of cost‐benefit approach that is most commonly used now is, in fact, extraordinarily limited, because of its insistence on doing the valuation entirely through an analogy with the market mechanism. This admits only a narrow class of values, and demands that individuals be unconcerned about many substantial variations, ignored in the procedure of market valuation. The use, instead, of a general social choice approach can allow greater freedom of valuation and can also accommodate mor...
253 citations
TL;DR: The authors compare l'ethique consequentialiste a la deontologie independante de la consequence, d'une part, and definit les conditions d'incompletude et de maximisation de l'action, du droit, du obligation, and de lobligation.
Abstract: L'A. souligne l'importance de l'evaluation des consequences pour la raison pratique. Face a la discipline qu'exige la responsabilite des choix, l'A. compare l'ethique consequentialiste a la deontologie independante de la consequence, d'une part, et definit les conditions d'incompletude et de maximisation de l'action, du droit et de l'obligation, d'autre part.
187 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the bearing of theories of social justice on the analysis and evaluation of income distribution and related features of economic inequality and found that people's attitudes toward or reactions to actual income distributions can be significantly influenced by the correspondence between their ideas of what is normatively tolerable and what they actually see in the society around them.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the bearing of theories of social justice on the analysis and evaluation of income distribution and related features of economic inequality. The assessment of income distribution involves both descriptive and prescriptive issues and the ideas of the way social justice influence both. The connection is immediate in the case of normative analysis, because the concepts of social justice can be central to ethical norms for assessing the optimality or acceptability of the distributions of income. But the connections with descriptive and predictive issues can be, ultimately, no less important. People's attitudes toward, or reactions to, actual income distributions can be significantly influenced by the correspondence—or the lack thereof—between (1) their ideas of what is normatively tolerable and (2) what they actually see in the society around them. The ideas of social justice can sway actual behavior and actions. In assessing the likelihood of discontent or protest or disapproval or the political feasibility of particular policies, which are primarily descriptive and predictive issues (rather than prescriptive ones), it can be useful, indeed crucial, to have some understanding of the ideas of justice that command respect in the society in question. A complete theory of justice need not insist on a complete ranking of all possible alternatives. The resilient presence of competing grounds of justice has strong implications on the discipline of inequality evaluation in general and of the assessment of income distribution in particular.
133 citations
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TL;DR: Sen as mentioned in this paper presented a seminal study on employment for the ILO, entitled Employment, technology and development: A study prepared for the International Labour Review within the framework of the World Employment Programme.
Abstract: Awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1998, Sen is a creative author who explores the boundaries between economics and philosophy. In 1975, he wrote a seminal study on employment for the ILO, entitled Employment, technology and development: A study prepared for the ILO within the framework of the World Employment Programme. This work served as the basis for his article “Employment, institutions and technology: Some policy issues”, which was published in the International Labour Review… [more]
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TL;DR: The concept of "trabajo decente" as mentioned in this paper is one of the fundamental caracteristicas of the OIT, e.g., a planteamiento integral, that no se limita a una o varias categorias of trabajadores; aun cuando choca contra ciertos conflictos de intereses muy palpables, el propio enfoque integral hace posible vencer los escollos en aras de la universalidad.
Abstract: En este articulo se examinan las cuatro caracteristicas del concepto de «trabajo decente» que son esenciales para la consecucion de este objetivo de la OIT en el marco de la mundializacion. En primer lugar, se parte de un planteamiento integral, que no se limita a una o varias categorias de trabajadores; aun cuando choca contra ciertos conflictos de intereses muy palpables, el propio enfoque integral hace posible vencer los escollos en aras de la universalidad. La segunda caracteristica es el pensamiento basado en los derechos: los derechos fundamentales son validos de por si, es decir, antes incluso de que logren reconocimiento juridico. La tercera consiste en situar al trabajo en un contexto economico, politico y social general que promocione los valores democraticos. La cuarta y ultima estriba en sustituir la perspectiva internacional por otra de caracter mundial, universal.
TL;DR: Sen et al. as discussed by the authors investigated how the preparation for and the execution of wars influence the ability of famine-prone countries to escape mass starvation, a question of perhaps not much significance to highly developed industrialized market economies, but clearly of tremendous significance to developing economies.
Abstract: [Up to now, our analysis has pertained largely, if not entirely, to the problems faced by both developed and Eastern European countries. But most of the world's population resides in developing countries elsewhere, where the role and impact of military expenditures is significantly different. In the first of two papers relating to developing countries, Amyrta Sen asks the basic question: how does the preparation for and the execution of wars influence the ability of famine-prone countries to escape mass starvation — a question of perhaps not much significance to highly developed industrialized market economies, but clearly of tremendous significance to developing economies. (eds.)]
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TL;DR: In this article, the combination of moral and prudential issues that are inescapably involved in nuclear policy in general and the idea of deterrence in particular is discussed, in addition to the specific topic, the author discusses, in particular, the particular topic of nuclear deterrence.
Abstract: In the paper that follows, the author discusses, in addition to the specific topic, the combination of moral and prudential issues that are inescapably involved in nuclear policy in general and the idea of deterrence in particular. (eds.)
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Sen as mentioned in this paper describes freedom and development as the end of alienation, development as freedom, and freedom as freedom as the development of freedom, in a book entitled "Freedom and Development as End of Alienation? Development as Freedom".
Abstract: Freedom and Development as End of Alienation? Development as Freedom, Amartya Sen; Alfred A Knopf, New York, 1999; p xiv + 366, price not indicated.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the development of democracy as a distinguished contribution of the 20th century and discuss the importance of democracy and the linkage of democracy with fertility reduction.
Abstract: Focuses on the development of democracy as a distinguished contribution of the 20th century. Evolution of democracy; Importance of democracy; Linkage of democracy with fertility reduction.
TL;DR: Carbon-coated non-woven fabrics were evaluated against vesicant sulphur mustard and l.3-dichloropropane (DCP) in a linear equation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Carbon-coated non-woven fabrics were evaluated against vesicant sulphur mustard and l.3-dichloropropane (DCP). Breakthrough times of these chemicals were compared and fitted in a linear equation. A correlation, better than 95 per cent was obtained. It is recommended that DCP be used in the ~valuation and quality control of fabric in the chemical protective clothing manufacturing industries to reduce the exposure and risks of handling lethal chemicals. However,-the clothing may be challenged with actual CW agents to determine their protective potentials, in the laboratory. Diffusion coefficients for DCP were also computed from the breakthrough data for carbon-coated fabric of different grades.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine and scrutinize the merits and demerits of these additional requirements and suggest that the use of a general social choice approach can allow greater freedom of valuation and can also accommodate more informational inputs.
Abstract: Cost†benefit analysis is a general discipline, based on the use of some foundational principles, which are not altogether controversial, but have nevertheless considered plausibility. Divisiveness increases as various additional requirements are imposed. There is a trade†off here between easier usability (through locked†up formulae) and more general acceptability (through allowing parametric variations). The paper examines and scrutinizes the merits and demerits of these additional requirements. The particular variant of cost†benefit approach that is most commonly used now is, in fact, extraordinarily limited, because of its insistence on doing the valuation entirely through an analogy with the market mechanism. This admits only a narrow class of values, and demands that individuals be unconcerned about many substantial variations, ignored in the procedure of market valuation. The use, instead, of a general social choice approach can allow greater freedom of valuation and can also accommodate more informational inputs.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Sen, nacido en la India, educado en Cambridge and profesor del Trinity College, is un estudioso a profundidad de las causas de la pobreza and el subdesarrollo as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Premio Nobel de Economia 1998, el filosofo y economista Amartya Sen, nacido en la India, educado en Cambridge y profesor del Trinity College, es un estudioso a profundidad de las causas de la pobreza y el subdesarrollo. Su libro Pobreza y hambrunas ha sido toda una novedad de acercamiento al problema de la miseria humana. En el, creo un indice de pobreza capaz de medir el bienestar de los individuos de una forma mucho mas precisa que a traves del ingreso promedio, formula convencional hasta entonces. Para Sen, la democracia no es un elemento mas del desarrollo sino su condicion primera. Esceptico parcial del mercado libre sin control estatal y de la globalizacion sin contrapesos educativos y de salud, Sen es tambien un convencido de que las identidades colectivas no deben estar nunca por arriba de las decisiones individuales y de la libertad personal para delinear una identidad propia. Con este ensayo, en exclusiva para Letras Libres e inedito en espanol, principia nuestro recorrido por el pensamiento liberal con ensayos ineditos en espanol de Isaiah Berlin, del israeli Avishai Margalit y del norteamericano Mark Lilla. –
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TL;DR: There are reasons to expect that an increase of gender equity would tend to lower fertility rates, since women's interests are very badly served by high fertility rates imposed on them, and they can be expected to correct the adversity if they have more power.
Abstract: This article reprints the topic Population and Gender Equity, by Amartya Sen, which appeared in the July 24, 2000 issue of The Nation. Perhaps the most immediate adversity caused by a high rate of population growth lies in
the loss of freedom that women suffer when they are shackled by persistent bearing and rearing of children. Global warming is a distant effect compared
with what population explosion does to the lives and well-being of mother. Indeed, the most important aspect of the population debate is the adverse impact of high fertility imposed on women in societies. Given the connection between
over-frequent childbirth and the predicament of women, there are reasons to expect that an increase of gender equity would tend to lower fertility rates.
Since women's interests are very badly served by high fertility rates imposed on them, they can be expected to correct the adversity if they have more power.