▪ Abstract Well-being is a complex construct that concerns optimal experience and functioning. Current research on well-being has been derived from two general perspectives: the hedonic approach, which focuses on happiness and defines well-being in terms of pleasure attainment and pain avoidance; and the eudaimonic approach, which focuses on meaning and self-realization and defines well-being in terms of the degree to which a person is fully functioning. These two views have given rise to different research foci and a body of knowledge that is in some areas divergent and in others complementary. New methodological developments concerning multilevel modeling and construct comparisons are also allowing researchers to formulate new questions for the field. This review considers research from both perspectives concerning the nature of well-being, its antecedents, and its stability across time and culture.

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On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Agriculturalists are the principal managers of global useable lands and will shape, perhaps irreversibly, the surface of the Earth in the coming decades. New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising environmental integrity or public health.

/pdf/agricultural-sustainability-and-intensive-production-1h98l920tu.pdf

Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices

We review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the remarkable observation of our accelerating universe. In particular we discuss the arguments for and recent progress made towards understanding the nature of dark energy. We review the observational evidence for the current accelerated expansion of the universe and present a number of dark energy models in addition to the conventional cosmological constant, paying particular attention to scalar field models such as quintessence, K-essence, tachyon, phantom and dilatonic models. The importance of cosmological scaling solutions is emphasized when studying the dynamical system of scalar fields including coupled dark energy. We study the evolution of cosmological perturbations allowing us to confront them with the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure and demonstrate how it is possible in principle to reconstruct the equation of state of dark energy by also using Supernovae Ia observational data. We also discuss in detail the nature of tracking solutions in cosmology, particle physics and braneworld models of dark energy, the nature of possible future singularities, the effect of higher order curvature terms to avoid a Big Rip singularity, and approaches to modifying gravity which leads to a late-time accelerated expansion without recourse to a new form of dark energy.

Dynamics of dark energy

IN PRESENTING his estimates of "la richesse territoriale de France," Antoine Lavoisier [100, 1791] pointed out that the object of such estimation is to furnish "a veritable thermometer of national prosperity."' That certainly has provided the motivation behind much work on national income estimation and comparison. Lavoisier was an optimist, and he felt that there need be little room for dispute if the problem were correctly posed and pursued:

The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Reply

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Rational Choice under Majority Decision

Preface Introduction I. HEALTH EQUITY 1. The Concern for Equity in Health 2. Why Health Equity? II. HEALTH, SOCIETY, AND JUSTICE 3. Social Causes of Social Inequalities in Health 4. Why Justice is Good for Our Health: The Social Determinants of Health Inequalities 5. Health Equity and Social Justice III. RESPONSIBILITY FOR HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 6. Justice, Socioeconomic Status, and Responsibility for Health 7. Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes 8. Just Health Care in a Plurinational Country IV. ETHICAL AND MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS IN HEALTH EVALUATION 9. Disability-adjusted Life Years: A Critical Review 10. Ethical Issues in the Use of Cost Effectiveness Analysis for the Prioritization of Health Care Resources 11. Deciding Whom to Help, Health-Adjusted Life Years, and Disabilities 12. The Value of Living Longer V. EQUITY AND CONFLICTING PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH EVALUATION 13. Health Achievement and Equity: External and Internal Perspectives 14. Ethics and Experience: An Anthropological Approach to Health Equity 15. Equity of the Ineffable: Cultural and Political Constraints on Ethnomedicine as a Health Problem in Contemporary Tibet

Public Health, Ethics, and Equity

Two methods of income distribution have been particularly associated with socialist thinking, \" to each according to his needs \" and \" to each according to his work \". In the literature on socialism it is the latter system that has been mostly studied. Marx felt the former system to be appropriate only at the \" higher phase of the communist society,\" and emphasized the principle of distribution \" proportional to the amount of labour they contribute \", in the \" first phase \" of the communist society.2 While discussions in the Marxist literature have concentrated mainly on distribution according to work, in particular on the utilisation of the wage system, actuat methods of payments in socialist economies have often departed from this rule, the most notable example of this being in Chinese agriculture. On the other plane of discussion, in the theoretical literature on resource allocation with decentralized planning, the emphasis has been on reaching Pareto-optimality, and that, with the usual assumptions, has been found to fit in well with a wage system.3 There have of course been discussions on correcting the distribution according to work towards the goal of distribution according to needs through a set of taxes and subsidies, but the basic method of payment that has been considered has always been some variant or other of the wage system. The actual organization of enterprises in communist countries tend to depart from a pure wage system in at least two different ways: (i) in the use of some variant of profitsharing over and above a wage system,4 and (ii) in having a part of the income distributed on some criteria other than that of work, e.g. some interpretation of \" needs \".5 There is not yet a distinct body of literature on the theory of non-wage allocation of labour; nevertheless, in the context of policy debates, the following questions have repeatedly cropped up. (1) What are the difficulties in having a system of distribution purely according to needs? While in the U.S.S.R. and in Eastern Europe there has not been any large-scale attempt to have payments primarily according to needs, the Chinese leaders have tried to break through the problem of incentives involved in this, and it has even been claimed that \" ideally, the party leaders would like non-material incentives to become the main motive force impelling the masses on to greater output .6 (2) What difficulties are there in having a system of distribution purely according to work, even profits being shared on that basis? Based on Yugoslav experience Ward [211

Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise

I begin by recounting a true story—a rather trivial and innocuous story, as it happens, but one with something of a lesson. Some years ago, when I went to give a lecture at another campus, I chose “Economic Inequality” as the title of my talk. On arrival, I found the campus covered with posters announcing that I 261was speaking on “Income Inequality.” When I grumbled about it slightly, I encountered gentle, but genuine, amazement that I wanted to fuss about such “an insignificant difference.” Indeed, the identification of economic inequality with income inequality is fairly standard, and the two are often seen as effectively synonymous in the economic literature. If you tell someone that you are working on economic inequality, it is quite commonly assumed that you are studying income distribution.

Amartya Sen

Papers

The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Reply

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Rational Choice under Majority Decision

Public Health, Ethics, and Equity

Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise

From Income Inequality to Economic Inequality