Showing papers by "Amit Singh published in 2013"

Recent advances in bacteriophage based biosensors for food-borne pathogen detection.

Abstract: Foodborne diseases are a major health concern that can have severe impact on society and can add tremendous financial burden to our health care systems. Rapid early detection of food contamination is therefore relevant for the containment of food-borne pathogens. Conventional pathogen detection methods, such as microbiological and biochemical identification are time-consuming and laborious, while immunological or nucleic acid-based techniques require extensive sample preparation and are not amenable to miniaturization for on-site detection. Biosensors have shown tremendous promise to overcome these limitations and are being aggressively studied to provide rapid, reliable and sensitive detection platforms for such applications. Novel biological recognition elements are studied to improve the selectivity and facilitate integration on the transduction platform for sensitive detection. Bacteriophages are one such unique biological entity that show excellent host selectivity and have been actively used as recognition probes for pathogen detection. This review summarizes the extensive literature search on the application of bacteriophages (and recently their receptor binding proteins) as probes for sensitive and selective detection of foodborne pathogens, and critically outlines their advantages and disadvantages over other recognition elements.

Dental implant survival in diabetic patients; review and recommendations.

Abstract: Rising population of diabetic individuals across the world has become a big concern to the society. The persistent hyperglycemia may affect each and every tissue and consequently results in morbidity and eventually mortality in diabetic patients. A direct negative response of diabetes has been observed on oral tissues with few contradictions however, little are known about effect of diabetes on dental implant treatment and the consequent results. Many studies concerned with osteointegration and prognosis of dental implant in diabetic patients have been conducted and published since 1994. These studies have been critically reviewed to understand the impact of diabetes on the success of dental implant and the factors to improve osseointegration and consequently survival of dental implant in diabetic patients. Theoretical literatures and studies in diabetic animals substantiate high failure rate of implants but most of clinical studies indicated statistically insignificant failure of dental implants even in moderately uncontrolled diabetic patients. Success of dental implant in well and fairly controlled diabetic patients with proper treatment planning, prophylactic remedies and adequate postsurgical maintenance appears as good as normal individuals.

Phage receptor binding protein-based magnetic enrichment method as an aid for real time PCR detection of foodborne bacteria.

Abstract: We present a novel phage receptor binding protein-based magnetic separation and pre-enrichment method as an alternative to the immunomagnetic separation methods by replacing antibodies with bacteriophage receptor binding proteins (RBPs) We couple the proposed RBP-based magnetic separation with real time PCR for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni cells in artificially contaminated skim milk, milk with 2% fat and chicken broth Recovery rates, assessed by real time PCR, were greater than 80% for the samples spiked with as low as 100 cfu mL−1 of C jejuni cells The specificity of capture was confirmed using Salmonella Typhimurium as a negative control where no bacteria were captured on the RBP-derivatized magnetic beads The combination of RBP-based magnetic separation and real time PCR improved PCR sensitivity and allowed the detection of C jejuni cells in milk and chicken broth samples without a time consuming pre-enrichment step through culturing The total sample preparation and analysis time in the proposed RBP-based enrichment method coupled with real time PCR was less than 3 h

Bacteriophage tail-spike protein derivitized microresonator arrays for specific detection of pathogenic bacteria

Abstract: Increasing concerns about food safety have prompted strong interest in the development of new pathogen detection technologies. The currently used techniques usually rely on specially equipped laboratories and are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Microresonator-based biosensors incorporating specific biorecognition probes are promising for the development of highly sensitive bacterial detection sensors. We present an optimized microresonator array platform that uses phage tail-spike proteins as a recognition probe. This array is composed of one thousand beams in a small area (i.e. 13.5 mm 2 area) and therefore offers large surface area for capture of bacteria. These resonators feature a high natural frequency due to the optimized beam design, with the first resonance frequency at f 0 = 1.095 ± 0.005 MHz. Theoretical analysis of these devices indicates a high mass sensitivity with a threshold for the detection of added mass as small as δm = 52 fg (lighter than a single bacterial cell). FEA and the experimental results show that the frequency shift is mainly due to the mass loading effect of adsorbed bacteria. We have successfully demonstrated the application of these arrays for specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni cells after immobilization of devices with phage GST-Gp48 tail-spike proteins. TSP-functionalized devices did not show any sensitivity to Escherichia coli bacteria confirming the specificity of detection.

A novel use of gentamicin in the ROS-mediated sensitization of NCI-H460 lung cancer cells to various anticancer agents

Abstract: Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used for the treatment of severe Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. While bactericidal effects of aminoglycosides are due to binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, aminoglycosides can affect protein synthesis, intracellular calcium levels, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in eukaryotic cells. While aminoglycosides can be cytotoxic at high concentrations, our results show that at much lower doses, gentamicin can be implemented as a sensitizing agent for the NSCLC cell line NCI-H460, increasing the efficacy of camptothecin, digitoxin, and vinblastine in vitro. We have also established that this sensitization is reliant on the ROS response generated by gentamicin.

A Hybrid Algorithm for Image Watermarking against Signal Processing Attacks

Abstract: In this paper, we have presented a hybrid image watermarking technique and developed an algorithm based on the three most popular trans form techniques which are discrete wavelet transforms DWT, discrete cosine transforms DCT, and singular value decomposition SVD against signal processing attacks. However, the experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm combines the advantages and remove the disadvantages of these three transform. This proposed hybrid algorithm provides better imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, motion blur, speckle noise, and Poisson noise etc.

Nitrile hydratase of Rhodococcus erythropolis: characterization of the enzyme and the use of whole cells for biotransformation of nitriles.

Abstract: The intracellular cobalt-type nitrile hydratase was purified from the bacterium Rhodococcuserythropolis. The pure enzyme consisted of two subunits of 29 and 30 kDa. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 65 kDa. At 25 °C the enzyme had a half-life of 25 h. The Michaelis–Menten constants Km and vmax for the enzyme were 0.624 mM and 5.12 μmol/min/mg, respectively, using 3-cyanopyridine as the substrate. The enzyme-containing freely-suspended bacterial cells and the cells immobilized within alginate beads were evaluated for converting the various nitriles to amides. In a packed bed reactor, alginate beads (2 % alginate; 3 mm bead diameter) containing 200 mg/mL of cells, achieved a conversion of >90 % for benzonitrile and 4-cyanopyridine in 38 h (25 °C, pH 7.0) at a feed substrate concentration of 100 mM. The beads could be reused for up to six reaction cycles.

Spontaneous Intrahepatic Type II Gallbladder Perforation: A Rare Cause of Liver Abscess - Case Report.

Abstract: A liver abscess formation is a rare complication of a gallbladder perforation, with a cholecystohepatic communication. Niemeier, in 1934, classified free gallbladder perforations and generalised biliary peritonitis as an acute or a Type I gallbladder perforation, a pericholecystic abscess and localised peritonitis as a subacute or a Type II gallbladder perforation, and cholecystoenteric fistulas as chronic or Type III gallbladder perforations. We are describing a 50-year-old male patient who presented with right upper quadrant pain and was found to have an intrahepatic perforation of the gallbladder. Our patient had a Type II perforation. We have discussed the diagnostic work-up and the management of this rare entity. Due to the high mortality that can be caused by a delay in making the correct diagnosis, a gallbladder perforation represents a special diagnostic and surgical challenge.

Large-scale arrays of nanomechanical sensors for biomolecular fingerprinting

Abstract: A review of activities involving the development of large arrays of nanomechanical resonators is presented. This review includes demonstration of the use of these arrays for the detection of biological targets. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches to the realization of such arrays were developed. Using a top-down approach, a nanomachining method for the fabrication of large arrays of doubly-clamped silicon carbonitride (SiCN) resonators with width as narrow as 16 nm and a yield approaching 100% was developed. The specific detection of protein-A using such resonator arrays functionalized with single domain antibody fragments (sdAb) was also demonstrated with femtogram-level mass sensitivity. A nano-imprinting based fabrication of these resonator arrays was also realized, opening up their potential for cost-effective manufacturing. On a bottom-up approach, resonant silicon nanowires were also produced using directed chemical vapor deposition methods. These bottom-up resonant nanowires were in turn successfully employed for the specific detection of streptavidin with attogram-level mass sensitivity.

Prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus of Bareilly region (India)

Abstract: Background-Peridontal disease and diabetes share a two way relationship because of common pathways of disease progression. Aims-Extensive study on various population worldwide were carried out but there is a limited data for Indian population, Hence, the present study was done to evaluate the prevalence and severity of peridontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus of Bareilly region of Uttar Pradesh (India). Material and Methods- 1000 individuals of type 2 diabetes mellitus were categorized as good, average and poor glycaemic control on the basis of glycosylated hemoglobinA1C(HbA1C). Periodontal examination was done by recording oral hygiene index simplified, clinical attachment loss and gingival bleeding index. This periodontal result was correlated with glycaemic status and duration of diabetes since diagnosis. Results- Results showed a 91.7% prevalence of periodontitis, predominating with 41.3% cases of moderate periodontitis followed by 26.2% of severe and 24.2% of slight and 8.3% of gingivitis cases. In poor oral hygiene strata; the amount of severe periodontitis cases increased from 0% to 26.2% and up to 73.8%; as the glycaemic control deteriorated from good to average to poor. Similar results were reported for good and fair oral hygiene strata. Conclusion-Results of present study demonstrated that with worsening of glycaemic control, severity of periodontitis significantly increases even when examined for similar oral hygiene status.

Immobilization of P22 Bacteriophage Tailspike Protein on Si Surface for Optimized Salmonella Capture

Abstract: Bacteriophage based technology has gained interest in developing pathogen detection platforms for biosensing applications. In this study, P22 phage tail spike proteins (TSPs) have been immobilized on Si surfaces for optimized capture of host Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium. It was then demonstrated that roughening of the Si surface before the TSP immobilization improves the bacterial capture 2-fold compared to a flat Si surface. Coarse, medium, fine and superfine size ridges were patterned on the Si surface using block copolymer layer and plasma etching and each surface was functionalized by TSPs for bacterial capture. The capture density increased with decreasing size of the ridge until it reached an optimum for fine ridges; the capture density decreased when the surface ridges were superfine and deep. This method shows a 22-fold and 3-fold increase in bacterial capture density compared to a Cys- and a His6-tag based oriented TSP immobilization, respectively. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a surface protective layer to prevent non-specific binding of bacteria and E. coli cells were used as control to demonstrate the specificity of recognition. Negligible binding was observed for control bacteria in presence of TSPs and the host bacteria in the absence of TSP on the surfaces.

Azadirachta indica Attenuates Colonic Mucosal Damage in Experimental Colitis Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid.

Abstract: Azadirachta indica leaves indicated the presence of active principles with proven antioxidants, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, free radical scavenging and healing properties. In the present study we evaluated the healing effects of 50% ethanol extract of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Azadirachta indica extract (500 mg/kg) was administered orally, once daily for 14 days and studied for its effects on diarrhoea, food and water intake, body weight changes, colonic damage and inflammation, histology, antibacterial activity and free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and myeloperoxidase activities in colonic tissue. Intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid increased colonic mucosal damage and inflammation, diarrhea, but decreased body weight which were reversed by Azadirachta indica extract and sulfasalazine (positive control) treatments. Azadirachta indica extract showed antibacterial activity. Azadirachta indica extract and sulfasalazine enhanced the antioxidants but decreased free radicals and myeloperoxidase activities affected in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Azadirachta indica extract, thus seemed to be effective in healing trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Facial nerve injury following surgery for temporomandibular joint ankylosis: a prospective clinical study.

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence and degree of facial nerve damage and time taken for its recovery following surgery for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 subjects with the TMJ ankylosis with or without history of previous surgery were included in this prospective study. House-Brackmann grading system was used to assess the function of the facial nerve post-operatively. Results: Most of the subjects were in the age range of 13-15 years. Eight subjects had bilateral ankylosis and remaining 22 had unilateral ankylosis. Out of 32 joints in which gap arthroplasty was performed, 4 had Grade 1 injury, 14 had Grade 2 injury, 12 had Grade 3, and 2 with the Grade 4 injury 24 h post-operatively. Whereas, out of 6 cases of interpositional arthroplasty 4 had Grade 1 injury and 2 had Grade 4 injury. According to House-Brackmann grading system, at 24 h, 78.9% patients had different grades of facial nerve injury, which gradually improved and came to normal limits within 1-3 months post-operatively. Comparison of change in the Grade of injury at 3 months follow-up as compared to baseline (24 h) showed full recovery in all the cases (100%) showing a statistically significant difference from baseline (P Conclusion: When proper care is taken during surgery for TMJ ankylosis, permanent facial nerve injury is rare. However, the incidence and degree of temporary nerve injury could be either due to the heavy retraction causing compression and or stretching of nerve fiber resulting in neuropraxia.

Expression of recombinant antibody (single chain antibody fragment) in transgenic plant Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi

Abstract: Plants offer an alternative inexpensive and convenient technology for large scale production of recombinant proteins especially recombinant antibodies (plantibodies). In this paper, we describe the expression of a model single chain antibody fragment (B6scFv) in transgenic tobacco. Four different gene constructs of B6scFv with different target signals for expression in different compartments of a tobacco plant cell with and without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal were used. Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation of B6scFv gene was performed with tobacco leaf explants and the gene in regenerated plants was detected using histochemical GUS assay and PCR. The expression of B6scFv gene was detected by western blotting and the recombinant protein was purified from putative transgenic tobacco plants using metal affinity chromatography. The expression level of recombinant protein was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest accumulation of protein was found up to 3.28 % of the total soluble protein (TSP) in plants expressing B6scFv 1003 targeted to the ER, and subsequently expression of 2.9 % of TSP in plants expressing B6scFv 1004 (with target to apoplast with ER retention signal). In contrast, lower expression of 0.78 and 0.58 % of TSP was found in plants expressing antibody fragment in cytosol and apoplast, without ER retention signal. The described method/system could be used in the future for diverse applications including expression of other recombinant molecules in plants for immunomodulation, obtaining pathogen resistance against plant pathogens, altering metabolic pathways and also for the expression of different antibodies of therapeutic and diagnostic uses.

Enantioselective bioreduction of cyclic alkanones by whole cells ofCandidaSpecies

Abstract: α-Tetralone, β-tetralone, and 1-benzosuberone were asymmetrically reduced to their corresponding alcohols by whole cells of Candida viswanathii. The cells had the maximum ketoreductase activity when grown aerobically in shake flasks (200 rpm) for 36 h in a medium consisting of fructose (30 g/L), malt extract (20 g/L), CaCl2 (1 mM), and β-tetralone inducer (1 mM) at 25°C and pH 7. The optimal bioreduction conditions with the washed cells were a pH of 6.5 (phosphate buffer, 50 mM), a temperature of 30°C, and in the presence of isopropanol (4%, v/v) as a cosubstrate. A 100% reduction with an enantiomeric excess of > 99% was achieved for β-tetralone (90 mM) and 6-bromo-β-tetralone (90 mM) using 160 g/L fresh cell concentration in 30 h. Use of a higher fresh cell concentration (250 g/L) afforded > 80% conversion of 15 mM α-tetralone in 30 h and 100% conversion of 1-benzosuberone (15 mM) in 30 h.

Molecular Dynamics Investigation on the Inhibition of MDM2-p53 Interaction by Polyphenols.

Abstract: Inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction has become a new therapeutic strategy to activate wild type p53 in tumors. Quercetin and taxifolin bind to p53 binding hydrophobic groove of MDM2, and alter the conformation of groove as evidenced by 65 ns molecular dynamics simulation. Quercetin showed hydrogen bonding with Gly 16, Ser 17, Phe 55 and Val 93 along with π-π interaction with His96 and π-σ with Phe 55. Taxifolin also showed similar interactions except π-σ interaction with Phe 55. Further, we found that binding of ligands lead to the dissociation of MDM2-p53 complex. These ligands form stable hydrophobic interactions with MDM2 which led to complete disruption of MDM2-p53 hydrophobic interactions and dissociation of p53 from the complex. It was found that the π-π stacking between Tyr 51 of MDM2 and ligands is the critical event in MDM2-p53 dissociation.

Multifunctional nanosystems for cancer therapy

Abstract: This chapter outlines the challenges associated with effective drug and gene delivery to tumors, and strategic approaches to augment the efficacy of anticancer agents by utilizing multifunctional nanosystems. Extensive knowledge of the chemistry of biomaterials, surface engineering, and the ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale, coupled with current understanding of tumor biology, enables us to utilize customizable combinatorial design principles to arrive at modular platforms for tailoring drug delivery systems based on the characteristics of target tumors. Illustrative examples from the existing scientific literature demonstrate the versatility of such multifunctional nanosystems, and accentuate the effectiveness of this multi-pronged approach in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. The chapter finally summarizes the importance of material safety considerations for regulatory approval, especially the guidelines governing the progress of a pharmaceutical candidate from quality-by-test to quality-by-design.

Quercetin and taxifolin completely break MDM2–p53 association: molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract: Inhibition of the MDM2–p53 interaction has been becomes a new therapeutic strategy to activate wild-type p53 in tumors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study the effects of quercetin and taxifolin on MDM2–p53 complex. We found that binding of ligands (quercetin and taxifolin) led to the dissociation of MDM2–p53 complex. Analyses of the hydrophobic contacts between the inhibitors and MDM2–p53 were performed, and the results suggested that these ligands form stable hydrophobic interactions with MDM2 which led to complete disruption of MDM2–p53 hydrophobic interactions and dissociation of p53 from the complex. Our study suggests that the pi–pi stacking between Tyr 51 of MDM2 and aromatic rings of ligands is the critical event in MDM2–p53 dissociation.

Study over the clinical picture and histopathology of leukoplakia and to establish the correlation between causative factors in the patients of Garhwal hill region

Abstract: Aims: This cross-sectional study was conducted to correlate the clinical picture, causative factors of leukoplakia with its histopathology in the patients of Garhwal hill region. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on indoor and outdoor patients of Department of Otorhinolaryngology, HNB Base Hospital, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Patients were interviewed by a predesigned questionnaire and clinically examined. Finally, histopathological examination was done by using proper technique. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 15. Results: The sample consisted of 90 patients were evaluated. Minimum age of presentation was 18 years while the maximum was 65 years. The majority of patients were in age group of 31-40 years, with male predominance. Majority of cases were of minimum dysplasia and minimum of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Buccal mucosa is the most common site for leukoplakia, while hard palate is the least common site. One case of CIS was reported in buccal mucosa, while two cases of CIS were found in specialized mucosa. Smoking and pan masala (in both types with or without tobacco mixed) had a direct relation with the histological type of leukoplakia, as the amount and duration of consumption increased, the severity of dysplasia increased. Conclusions: Majority of cases were males in age group of 31-40 years. Probably, it was due to the addiction to smoking and pan masala started early in this region. Severity of dysplasia was related to the amount and duration of exposure to smoking and pan masala. Buccal mucosa was commonly involved because of general human tendency of keeping pan masala in buccal region for a long duration.

Performance comparison of wavelet filters against signal processing attacks

Abstract: The rapidly growing field of digital contents (image, audio, and video) has incited the need of copyright protection and content authentication, which can be used to verify against any unlawful attempt to either reproduce or juggle them in order to change their identity Digital watermarking is a method providing a best result to the trouble of copyright protection and content authentication of digital contents However, the digital contents can be easily obtained or facsimiled, misrepresented, distributed and stored In this paper, we present the image watermarking method depends on the two most popular transform methods such as discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) Based on observations, this algorithm combines the advantages and removes the disadvantages of these two transforms techniques Also, we compare the results obtained from different wavelet filters against the number of signal processing attacks This scheme is provides robust watermark without degradation of image quality

An evaluation of potential intrinsically disordered and amyloidogenic regions in hemoglobins

Abstract: Discovery of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has challenged the traditional protein structure- function paradigm. IDPs lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structures and are highly abundant in proteome. Functional diversity of IDPs complements the functions of ordered proteins. Intriguingly, some IDPs share a propensity to form insoluble, ordered aggregates called amyloid and it has been proposed that potential amyloidogenic and disordered regions in polypeptide chains influence the conformation of proteins leading to the formation of such fibers and plaques which are hallmarks of neurodegenerative and many other protein conformational diseases. Recently, several studies have shown the ubiquitous presence of hemoglobin in life forms suggesting a wide variety of biological functions. However, there has been no report for intrinsically disordered hemoglobins or disordered regions in hemoglobins considering the burgeoning number of new hemoglobins, although myoglobin has been shown to have flexible regions. In silico tools were used to explore the possibility of presence of disordered regions in different hemoglobins from various organisms. Additionally, attempt was also made to identify amyloidogenic regions, if any, in hemoglobins. Such analysis revealed that several globins potentially display disorder in CD loop region, known to be critical for hemoglobin function and heme stability. In silico analysis also predicted the presence of putative amyloidogenic regions in newly discovered hemoglobins. These findings question the structural or functional relevance, demanding detailed investigation, of such disorders in hemoglobins, their implications in pathogenesis through amyloid formation and the role of heme binding in preventing formation of disordered regions or amyloids.

Detection of Membrane Potential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract: [] DiOC2 (Novo et al., 2000) exhibits green fluorescence in all bacterial cells, but the fluorescence shifts towards red emission as the dye molecules self associate at the higher cytosolic concentrations caused by larger membrane potentials. Proton ionophores such as CCCP destroy membrane potential by eliminating the proton gradient. The magnitude of membrane potentials varies with different bacterial species. For many gram-positive species, including Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, the red: green ratio tends to vary with the intensity of the proton gradient while in many gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella choleraesuis, the response of the dye does not appear to be proportional to proton gradient intensity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself is a difficult organism to work with because of its rigid cell wall.

Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some Novel 3-indole Derivatives

Abstract: Various derivatives of Indole were synthesized using 3-acetylindole as a precursor. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by the use of their spectral data FTIR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The IR spectra of newly synthesized compounds showed the presence of characteristic absorption bands in the region 3100-3400, 3000-3100,1750-1800,1680-1700 and1100-1240 cm-1 which can be N-H stretching, Ar-H stretching, C=O stretching, C=N stretching and C-N stretching respectively. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized Indole derivatives was determined in vitro using Cup-plate method on nutrient agar medium against Gram-positive bacterial strains (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacterial strain (E. coli) and antifungal activity was carried out against diamorphic fungal strain C. albicans and another strain A. niger at 25, 50 and 100 ug/ml concentration. The zone of inhibition was measured and compared with standard drugs Roxithromycin and Fluconazole at 50 μg/ml concentration respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method by Winter et al. The results revealed that newly synthesized compound was found to the most potent Anti-inflammatory compounds.

A Study of Creeping Sinusoidal Flow of Bio-Rheological Fluids through a Two-Dimensional High Permeability Medium Channel

Abstract: The creeping sinusoidal flow of non-Newtonian couple stress fluids in a two-dimensional porous medium channel with deformable walls, is investigated as a model of peristaltic physiological gastric transport. A mathematical model is developed which is also applicable to hemodynamics of diseased arteries. The assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation are employed for creeping (viscous-dominated) flow. Solutions for axial velocity, volumetric flow rate, pressure gradient and stream function are obtained. The influence of couple stress rheological parameter and permeability parameter on velocity profile, pressure gradient and stream lines patterns are computed with the aid of Mathematica Software.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Leaves of Cassia Glauca Lam

Abstract: T he Cassia is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae , subfamily Caesalpiniaceae which is often treated as a sub-family Caesalpinioideae, of the large family Leguminosae. It comprises of about 350 species of herbs, shrubs and trees, which are widely distributed throughout the world, of which only twenty species are indigenous to India. Cassia species have been of keen interest in phytochemical and pharmacological research. Many of Cassia species possesses a good amount of medicinal properties like purgative, wound healing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic. Different classes of natural products possessing potent physiological and pharmacological activities have been isolated from Cassia species. The present study is aimed at development of phytochemical parameters and to investigate the active principles present in Cassia glauca Lam. with elaborating the phytochemical properties which have been carried out on the leaf extract using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and acetone. The TLC profiling was fallowed for determination of Rf values of extracts in different solvent system.

Level of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bareilly region (India)

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a major health care problem of India. The real burden of diabetes is due to its associated complications which lead to increased morbidity and mortality. An accurate diagnosis of diabetes and level of glycaemic control in known diabetics is recommended for the treatment and prevention of complication in the population. Aims & Objective: To identify the pattern of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus using glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) in Bareilly region, India. Material and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in one of the tertiary care hospital of Bareilly district. The respondents were the 1000 type 2 diabetics of 35 to 60 years of age group. Glycosylated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) was done in all subjects by ion exchange chromatography and results were categorized as normal, good, average and poor diabetes control. The statistical analysis was Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. Results: Out of 1000 individuals, 120 had good, 469 had fair and 411 had poor glycaemic control on the basis of their HbA1C status. Age was similar for all 3 groups and was insignificantly related to glycaemic control (p-0.663). Out of 1000 individuals, 703(70.30%) had normal BMI while 297 (29.7%) were overweight. Conclusion: Measurement of glycosylated haemoglobin levels should be used in monitoring the treatment and long term glycaemic control of diabetes in a population and the assessment of body mass index should be done for the need of life style intervention in a population.