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Showing papers by "Amit Singh published in 2014"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a real-time image of mycothiol redox potential (EMSH) within Mtb cells during infection was used to measure the changes in intramycobacterial EMSH with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity.
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survives under oxidatively hostile environments encountered inside host phagocytes. To protect itself from oxidative stress, Mtb produces millimolar concentrations of mycothiol (MSH), which functions as a major cytoplasmic redox buffer. Here, we introduce a novel system for real-time imaging of mycothiol redox potential (EMSH) within Mtb cells during infection. We demonstrate that coupling of Mtb MSH-dependent oxidoreductase (mycoredoxin-1; Mrx1) to redox-sensitive GFP (roGFP2; Mrx1-roGFP2) allowed measurement of dynamic changes in intramycobacterial EMSH with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity. Using Mrx1-roGFP2, we report the first quantitative measurements of EMSH in diverse mycobacterial species, genetic mutants, and drug-resistant patient isolates. These cellular studies reveal, for the first time, that the environment inside macrophages and sub-vacuolar compartments induces heterogeneity in EMSH of the Mtb population. Further application of this new biosensor demonstrates that treatment of Mtb infected macrophage with anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs induces oxidative shift in EMSH, suggesting that the intramacrophage milieu and antibiotics cooperatively disrupt the MSH homeostasis to exert efficient Mtb killing. Lastly, we analyze the membrane integrity of Mtb cells with varied EMSH during infection and show that subpopulation with higher EMSH are susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics, whereas lower EMSH promotes antibiotic tolerance. Together, these data suggest the importance of MSH redox signaling in modulating mycobacterial survival following treatment with anti-TB drugs. We anticipate that Mrx1-roGFP2 will be a major contributor to our understanding of redox biology of Mtb and will lead to novel strategies to target redox metabolism for controlling Mtb persistence.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses on the current state of nanoemulsions in the translational research and its role in targeted cancer therapy and the production, physico-chemical characterization, and regulatory aspects of nano emulsions are addressed.
Abstract: Nanoemulsion dosage form serves as a vehicle for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and has attracted great attention in drug delivery and pharmacotherapy. In particular, nanoemulsions act as an excellent vehicle for poorly aqueous soluble drugs, which are otherwise difficult to formulate in conventional dosage forms. Nanoemulsions are submicron emulsions composed of generally regarded as safe grade excipients. Particle size at the nanoscale and larger surface area lead to some very interesting physical properties that can be exploited to overcome anatomical and physiological barriers associated in drug delivery to the complex diseases such as cancer. Along these lines, nanoemulsions have been engineered with specific attributes such as size, surface charge, prolonged blood circulation, target specific binding ability, and imaging capability. These attributes can be tuned to assist in delivering drug/imaging agents to the specific site of interest, based on active and passive targeting mechanisms. This review focuses on the current state of nanoemulsions in the translational research and its role in targeted cancer therapy. In addition, the production, physico-chemical characterization, and regulatory aspects of nanoemulsion are addressed.

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed method for digital watermarking based on discrete wavelet transforms, discrete cosine transforms, and singular value decomposition has been proposed and has been found to be giving superior performance for robustness and imperceptibility compared to existing methods suggested by other authors.
Abstract: In this paper an algorithm for digital watermarking based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT), discrete cosine transforms (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) has been proposed. In the embedding process, the host image is decomposed into first level DWTs. Low frequency band (LL) is transformed by DCT and SVD. The watermark image is also transformed by DCT and SVD. The S vector of watermark information is embedded in the S component of the host image. Watermarked image is generated by inverse SVD on modified S vector and original U, V vectors followed by inverse DCT and inverse DWT. Watermark is extracted using an extraction algorithm. The proposed method has been extensively tested against numerous known attacks and has been found to be giving superior performance for robustness and imperceptibility compared to existing methods suggested by other authors.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The synthesis of struvite by this bacterium seems to be a promising and viable strategy since it serves dual purpose of obtaining phosphorus and nitrogen rich fertilizer and conservation of natural phosphate reserves.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A redox-responsive thiolated gelatin based nanoparticle system that efficiently delivers its payload in the presence of glutathione-mediated reducing intra-cellular environment and could be successfully used for site-specific wt-p53 expressing plasmid DNA as well as gemcitabine delivery by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
Abstract: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most dreaded cancers with very low survival rate and poor prognosis to the existing frontline chemotherapeutic drugs. Gene therapy in combination with a cytotoxic agent could be a promising approach to circumvent the limitations of previously attempted therapeutic interventions. We have developed a redox-responsive thiolated gelatin based nanoparticle system that efficiently delivers its payload in the presence of glutathione-mediated reducing intra-cellular environment and could be successfully used for site-specific wt-p53 expressing plasmid DNA as well as gemcitabine delivery by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Efficacy studies were performed in subcutaneous human adenocarcinoma bearing SCID beige mice along with molecular level p53 plasmid and apoptotic marker expression by PCR and western blot for all study groups. Efficacy studies demonstrate an improved in vivo targeting efficiency resulting in increased transfection efficiency and tumor growth suppression. In all the treatment groups, the targeted nanoparticles showed better anti-tumor activity than their non-targeted as well as non-encapsulated, naked therapeutic agent counterparts (50.1, 61.7 and 77.3% tumor regression by p53 plasmid alone, gemcitabine alone and in combination respectively). Molecular analysis revealed a higher mRNA expression of transfected p53 gene, its corresponding protein and that the tumor cell death in all treatment groups was due to the induction of apoptotic pathways. Gene/drug combination treatment significantly improves the therapeutic performance of the delivery system compared to the gene or drug alone treated groups. Anti-tumor activity of the thiolated gelatin loaded wt-p53 plasmid or gemcitabine-based therapy was attributed to their ability to induce cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by a marked increase in mRNA level of proapoptotic transcription factors, as well as, protein apoptotic biomarker expression and significant decrease in the anti-apoptotic transcription factors.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of macrophages in inflammatory diseases with an insight into potential molecular targets for nucleic acid therapy is underlines and some recent nanotechnology-based approaches to devise macrophage-specific targeted therapy have been highlighted.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The wet-lab and in silico strategies to designing libraries of biocompatible delivery materials using combinatorial chemistry are summarized and support this strategy with pre-clinical success stories in cancer therapy are supported.
Abstract: There have been significant advances in our understanding of cancer as a disease at the molecular level. Combined with improved diagnostic systems, the concept of personalized medicine was introduced where therapy for every patient can be customized according to their disease profile. The nanotechnology approach for formulation design and the advent of drug delivery systems for small molecules and biologics has contributed to the development of personalized medicine. Despite the progress, effective management and treatment of cancer remains a clinical challenge. The majority of drug delivery vectors that have undergone clinical trials have been discontinued prematurely because of poor therapeutic outcomes, off-target effects and non-specific toxicity due to the components of the formulation itself. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet requirement for a systematic approach to design drug delivery vectors that not only deliver the cargo to the desired site of action, but are also highly biocompatible and non-toxic. The past decade has seen the evolution of a combinatorial approach to drug delivery, a concept that has been classically successful in drug discovery research. In the present review, we summarize the wet-lab and in silico strategies to designing libraries of biocompatible delivery materials using combinatorial chemistry and support this strategy with pre-clinical success stories in cancer therapy.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted chitosan system for silencing the Mad2 gene as a strategy to efficiently induce cell death in EGFR overexpressing human A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells is developed.
Abstract: RNA interference has emerged as a powerful strategy in cancer therapy because it allows silencing of specific genes associated with tumor progression and resistance. Mad2 is an essential mitotic checkpoint component required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis, and its complete abolition leads to cell death. We have developed an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted chitosan system for silencing the Mad2 gene as a strategy to efficiently induce cell death in EGFR overexpressing human A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Control and EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles loaded with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against Mad2 were formulated and characterized for size, charge, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative intracellular uptake studies by confocal imaging and flow cytometry, respectively, showed time-dependent enhanced and selective intracellular internalization of EGFR-targeted nanoparticles compared to nontargeted system. Targeted nanoparticles showed nearly complete depletion of Mad2 expression in A549 cells contrasting with the partial depletion in the nontargeted system. Accordingly, Mad2-silencing-induced apoptotic cell death was confirmed by cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that EGFR-targeted chitosan loaded with Mad2 siRNAs is a potent delivery system for selective killing of cancer cells.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The morphological and genomic features among the campylophages are detailed, their taxonomic position is investigated, and two new genera are proposed within a proposed subfamily, the “Eucampyvirinae”.
Abstract: Most Campylobacter bacteriophages isolated to date have long contractile tails and belong to the family Myoviridae. Based on their morphology, genome size and endonuclease restriction profile, Campylobacter phages were originally divided into three groups. The recent genome sequencing of seven virulent campylophages reveal further details of the relationships between these phages at the genome organization level. This article details the morphological and genomic features among the campylophages, investigates their taxonomic position, and proposes the creation of two new genera, the “Cp220likevirus” and “Cp8unalikevirus” within a proposed subfamily, the “Eucampyvirinae”

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
08 Jun 2014
TL;DR: The state-of-art of the various wavelet based image watermarking techniques in spatial as well as in transform domain based on the robustness, imperceptibility, capacity and security are reviewed.
Abstract: In this paper, we have reviewed the state-of-art of the various wavelet based image watermarking techniques in spatial as well as in transform domain based on the robustness, imperceptibility, capacity and security. The embedding and extraction methods suggested by various researchers/scientists have been studied along with their advantages and disadvantages. We have also discussed some important research challenges and requirements for making the watermarking system more efficient. It will be more important for researchers to implement effective watermarking method.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In recent years, nanoparticle systems have received recognition for the delivery of therapeutic agents directly to the tumor tissue and it is envisaged that this strategy can be expanded for the Delivery of current glycolytic inhibitors specifically to tumor tissues providing improved anticancer activity.
Abstract: Introduction: Cancer cells acclimatize to the harsh tumor microenvironment by altering cellular metabolism in favor of aerobic glycolysis. This process provides a source of energy and also generates essential components for macromolecular biosynthesis, which enables cellular survival. As the dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis affects tumorigenesis, it has become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Several preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of using biological targets from the glycolytic pathway for anticancer therapy.Areas covered: This review provides an insight into the glycolytic pathway, highlighting potential targets for glycolytic inhibition. We then discuss recent advancement in delivery strategies that have the potential to circumvent some of the problems posed by current glycolytic inhibitors, enabling resurrection of abandoned therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: Targeting the glycolysis pathway is a tactical approach for cancer therapy. However, the current nons...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that SRI practices create favorable conditions for beneficial soil microbes to prosper, save irrigation water, and increase grain yield.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted at DRR farm located at ICRISAT, Patancheru, in sandy clay loam soils during four seasons, Kharif 2008, Rabi 2008–2009, Kharif 2009 and Rabi 2009–2010, to investigate growth parameters, water-saving potential, root characteristics, chemical, biological, and microbial properties of rhizosphere soil, and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by comparing the plants grown with system of rice intensification (SRI) methods, with organic or organic + inorganic fertilization, against current recommended best management practices (BMP). All the growth parameters including plant height, effective tillers (10–45 %), panicle length, dry matter, root dry weight (24–57 %), and root volume (10–66 %) were found to be significantly higher with in SRI-organic + inorganic over BMP. With SRI-organic fertilization, growth parameters showed inconsistent results; however, root dry weight (3–77 %) and root volume (31–162 %) were found significantly superior compared to BMP. Grain yield was found significantly higher in SRI-organic + inorganic (12–23 and 4–35 % in the Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively), while with SRI-organic management, yield was found higher (4–34 %) only in the Rabi seasons compared to BMP. An average of 31 and 37 % of irrigation water were saved during Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively, with both SRI methods of rice cultivation compared to BMP. Further, total nitrogen, organic carbon%, soil dehydrogenase, microbial biomass carbon, total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were found higher in the two SRI plots in comparison to BMP. It is concluded that SRI practices create favorable conditions for beneficial soil microbes to prosper, save irrigation water, and increase grain yield.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The myrisplatin/C6-ceramide nanoemulsion synergistically enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity in EGFR positive cancer cells and may be suitable as a theranostic for ovarian cancer.
Abstract: Purpose Platinum-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for malignant epithelial ovarian cancers, but generalized toxicity and platinum resistance limits its use. Theranostic nanoemulsion with a novel platinum prodrug, myrisplatin, and the pro-apoptotic agent, C6-ceramide, were designed to overcome these limitations.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2014-Optik
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a long period fiber grating (LPFG) as temperature sensor, which measured the temperature sensitivities of various attenuation bands of a LPFG over the wavelength region of 1.1-1.7μm, for a grating period of 280μm period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm combines the advantages and remove the disadvantages of these two transform techniques and is robust against a number of signal processing attacks without significant degradation of the image quality.
Abstract: In this paper, the effects of different error correction codes on the robustness and the image quality are investigated. Three different error correcting codes such as Hamming, the Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem (BCH) and the Reed-Solomon code are considered to encode the watermark. The embedding watermarks method based on the two most popular transform techniques which are discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed algorithm is robust against a number of signal processing attacks without significant degradation of the image quality. The experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm combines the advantages and remove the disadvantages of these two transform. Out of three error correcting codes tested, it has been found that Reed-Solomon shows the best performance. A detailed analysis of the results of implementation is given.

01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Information on endophyte diversity, as well as production of secondary metabolites with special emphasis on anti cancerous, antimicrobial, antiviral, antibiotics along with huge number of other secondary metabolites for commercial exploitation in pharmaceutical and medical field are described.
Abstract: Fungal endophytes are microorganisms that internally infect living plant tissues without causing any visible symptom of infection, and live in mutualistic relationship with plants for at least a part of their life cycle. Every plant in the world is reservoir of one or more number of endophytes. In recent year’s special attention have been made towards endophytic fungi because of their ability to synthesize several novel bioactive compounds not previously known to biological system which are important for pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial sector. This review describes information on endophyte diversity, as well as production of secondary metabolites with special emphasis on anti cancerous, antimicrobial, antiviral, antibiotics along with huge number of other secondary metabolites for commercial exploitation in pharmaceutical and medical field. Furthermore, the chemical potential of endophytic fungi for drug discovery will be discussed with focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant constituents as products of fungal biosynthesis in recent years. At present a huge world population is suffering from the problem caused by drug resistant microbes (bacteria, parasitic protozoans and fungus) which decreases the efficiency of synthetic drugs. Hence, an intensive search for more and better antibiotics for effective treatment is becoming an emerging research area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was carried out to evaluate the annual thermal and exergy performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal greenhouse dryer, located at IIT Delhi, India by considering various silicon and non-silicon-based PV modules.
Abstract: In this paper, a study was carried out to evaluate the annual thermal and exergy performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal greenhouse dryer, located at IIT Delhi, India by considering various silicon and non-silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) modules namely mono crystalline silicon (c-Si), multi crystalline silicon (mc-Si), nano crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, Cadmium Telluride and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide. The annual net electrical energy savings for these modules for a, b, c and d type weather conditions for New Delhi has been calculated. Embodied energy and annual energy outputs have been used for evaluation of energy matrices such as energy payback time, electricity production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) of the system. The results also showed that EPF, LCCE, CO 2 mitigations and carbon credits earned, were maximum for c-Si-type PV module, and hence it was recommended for the proposed system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: AME shows curative effects against TNBS-induced colitis by its antibacterial activity and promoting colonic antioxidants and reducing free radicals and MPO-induced colonic damage.
Abstract: Background: Aegle marmelos (AM) fruit has been advocated in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, fever, asthma, inflammations, febrile delirium, acute bronchitis, snakebite, epilepsy, leprosy, myalgia, smallpox, leucoderma, mental illnesses, sores, swelling, thirst, thyroid disorders, tumours and upper respiratory tract infections. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the curative effect of 50% ethanol extract of dried fruit pulp of AM (AME) against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis. Materials and Methods: AME (200 mg/kg) was administered orally, once daily for 14 days after TNBS-induced colitis. Rats were given intracolonic normal saline or TNBS alone or TNBS plus oral AME. AME was studied for its in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-negative intestinal bacteria and on TNBS-induced changes in colonic damage, weight and adhesions (macroscopic and microscopic), diarrhea, body weight and colonic levels of free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and pro-inflammatory marker (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) in rats. Results: AME showed antibacterial activity against intestinal pathogens and decreased colonic mucosal damage and inflammation, diarrhea, colonic free radicals and MPO and enhanced body weight and colonic antioxidants level affected by TNBS. The effects of AME on the above parameters were comparable with sulfasalazine, a known colitis protective drug (100 mg/kg, oral). Conclusion: AME shows curative effects against TNBS-induced colitis by its antibacterial activity and promoting colonic antioxidants and reducing free radicals and MPO-induced colonic damage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A single nucleotide transition that changes alanine 171 to threonine (A171T) of the NAE subunit UBA3 reduces the enzyme’s sensitivity for MLN4924, and remarkable conformational changes in enzyme structure (open ATP binding pocket) are revealed.
Abstract: MLN4924 is an adenosine sulfamate analog that generates the inhibitory NEDD8-MLN4924 covalent complex. A single nucleotide transition that changes alanine 171 to threonine (A171T) of the NAE subunit UBA3 reduces the enzyme’s sensitivity for MLN4924. Our molecular dynamics simulation study revealed that A171T transition brought remarkable conformational changes in enzyme structure (open ATP binding pocket), which reduced the interaction between MLN4924 and ATP binding pocket while wild form completely covered the MLN4924. A total difference of −49.75 kJ/mol was noticed in interaction energy (electrostatic and van der Waals) during simulation between mutant and wild form with MLN4924. Superimposition of final 20 ns mutant structure with reference structure showed significant change in native binding position as compared to wild form. Results were found in coherence with the recently reported in vitro studies which states that A171T transition leads to change in ATP binding pocket structure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the present age of competition and economic turbulence, achieving manufacturing excellence through better quality and productivity is the new paradigm of the industries as discussed by the authors and all types of organizations are striving hard to control costs, maintain high levels of productivity, meet changing expectations of the customers and attain quality bench marks to sustain in the market.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the hierarchical structure of the transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) of gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli was investigated.
Abstract: The transcriptional regulation of gene expression is orchestrated by complex networks of interacting genes. Increasing evidence indicates that these transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) in bacteria have an inherently hierarchical architecture, although the design principles and the specific advantages offered by this type of organization have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we focussed on the hierarchical structure of the TRN of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and performed a comparative analysis with the TRN of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Using a graph-theoretic approach, we organized the transcription factors (TFs) and sigma-factors in the TRNs of B. subtilis and E. coli into three hierarchical levels (Top, Middle and Bottom) and studied several structural and functional properties across them. In addition to many similarities, we found also specific differences, explaining the majority of them with variations in the distribution of sigma-factors across the hierarchical levels in the two organisms. We then investigated the control of target metabolic genes by transcriptional regulators to characterize the differential regulation of three distinct metabolic subsystems (catabolism, anabolism and central energy metabolism). These results suggest that the hierarchical architecture that we observed in B. subtilis represents an effective organization of its TRN to achieve flexibility in the response to diverse stimuli.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 10-year-old male patient who presented with acute intestinal obstruction and was diagnosed metastatic primary signet ring cell carcinoma of rectum on biopsy is described, which represents a special diagnostic and surgical challenge.
Abstract: Signet ring cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum are well documented in the adult population, but the incidence is very low in the paediatric population. Signet ring cell carcinoma has more malignant potential, mostly present as advanced stage and carries very poor prognosis. We are describing a 10-year-old male patient who presented with acute intestinal obstruction; radiology revealed large bowel obstruction and was diagnosed metastatic primary signet ring cell carcinoma of rectum on biopsy. We have discussed the diagnostic work-up and the management of this rare entity. Due to the high mortality that can be caused by a delay in making the correct diagnosis, signet ring cell carcinoma of colorectum represents a special diagnostic and surgical challenge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a triclinic system of P-1(2) space group with mutually surrounded inorganic (PbI 4 ) 2− organic (C 7 H 12 N 2 ) entities is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 50-year-old female patient with the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis, which was investigated with routine lab investigations, and abdominal ultrasonography but none of these gave any clue to the presence of fistula, were discovered incidentally during an open surgery and were appropriately treated.
Abstract: Cholecystocolic fistula is a rare billiary-enteric fistula with variable clinical presentation Despite modern diagnostic tool a high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose it preoperatively These fistulae are treated by open as well as laparoscopic surgery, with no difference in intraoperative and postoperative complications We are describing a 50-year-old female patient with the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis, which was investigated with routine lab investigations, and abdominal ultrasonography but none of these gave us any clue to the presence of fistula, were discovered incidentally during an open surgery and were appropriately treated

Journal Article
TL;DR: A comparative study of connectionist network and multiple regression is made to predict the first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FL305DMY) from early body weights in Sahiwal cattle as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A comparative study of connectionist network (also known as artificial neural network, ANN)) and multiple regression is made to predict the first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FL305DMY) from early body weights in Sahiwal cattle. A multilayer feed forward network with back propagation of error learning mechanism was used for prediction. Data collected from 221 Sahiwal heifers were partitioned into 2 data sets namely training data set comprising 75% data to build the neural network model and test data set comprising 25% to test the model. Early body weights, viz. birth weight, body weights at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 months and weight at first calving were used as input variables and FL305DMY was considered as output variable. The same training and test data sets were used for multiple linear regression analysis (MLR). The prediction efficiency of both models was compared using the R2 value and root mean square error (RMSE). The accuracy of prediction from both the models was observed to be very low. However, the accuracy of prediction was comparatively higher from ANN model (6.87%) than MLR model (3.32%) for test set of data. The comparatively low value of RMSE and high value of R2 in case of connectionist network in comparison of MLR model shows that connectionist network model is a better alternative to the conventional regression model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The collagenases are rapidly inhibited by a family of specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) thus preventing uncontrolled action of these proteases.
Abstract: Wound healing is the process of repair that involves various cells and events follows injury to the skin and other soft tissues. The phases of normal wound healing include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. Wound healing is directly related to interactions between cells and the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM regulates the growth, proliferation, movement, and differentiation of the cells living within it. The ECM is composed of three groups of macromolecules: fibrous structural proteins, such as collagens and elastins that provide tensile strength and recoil; adhesive glycoproteins that connect the matrix elements to one another and to cells; and proteoglycans and hyaluronan that provide resilience and lubrication. Degradation of collagen and other ECM proteins is achieved by matrix metalloproteases, which consist of 23 distinct proteases in humans. 1 MMPs belong to four classes: the collagenases (MMP-1, -8 and -13), the gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9), the stromelysins (MMP-3, 10 and -11) and a heterogeneous group containing matrilysin (MMP-7), metallo-elastase (MMP-12), enamelysin (MMP-20), endometase (MMP-26) and epilysin (MMP-28). 2 The collagenases are rapidly inhibited by a family of specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) thus preventing uncontrolled action of these proteases. These TIMPs are a group of ABSTRACT

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: There is a great future for nanomedicine in diagnosis and treatment of several complex diseases based on the advances in drug delivery and nanomaterial synthesis, and specific issues in drug approval including quality-by-design and regulatory aspects are discussed.
Abstract: This review discusses the challenges associated with drug delivery and benefits of employing nanosystems in the delivery of small and macromolecular drugs. Poor biopharmaceutical characteristics of drug and biological barriers in the body affect the drug molecules reaching the intended disease site. For instance, solubility and permeability of a drug molecule affect its transport through the cellular membranes, while their stability in the biological environment dictates residence time and efficacy. Nanomedicine, an evaluation of nanotechnology, ferry the payload safely and effectively through several anatomical and physiological barriers to the target site. Besides, nanomedicine could be engineered to provide compound effect through ligand-mediated targeting and image guided drug delivery at disease site. With illustrative examples from scientific literature, the versatility of different nanosystems and their utility in disease therapy spanning from preclinical development to approved products is emphasized. Specific issues in drug approval including quality-by-design and regulatory aspects are discussed. Based on the advances in drug delivery and nanomaterial synthesis, there is a great future for nanomedicine in diagnosis and treatment of several complex diseases.

Patent
14 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the targeted magnetic nanoparticles are fabricated using surface-functionalized super paramagnetic nanoparticles that are encapsulated in a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer to form microparticles and rendered target selective by additional coatings of gelatin and gold nanoparticles which are derivatized with a targeting ligand specific for a targeted cell type.
Abstract: Compositions and methods for capturing specific cell types from a mixture in a liquid suspension of cells are provided. Targeted magnetic nanoparticles of the invention can be utilized to isolate, quantify, and characterize circulating tumor cells from complex body fluids, such as blood. The magnetic nanoparticles are releasable after targeted cells have been isolated, leaving the cells in a viable state for characterization and growth in culture. The targeted magnetic nanoparticles are fabricated using surface-functionalized super paramagnetic nanoparticles that are encapsulated in a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer to form microparticles. The microparticles are rendered target-selective by additional coatings of gelatin and gold nanoparticles which are derivatized with a targeting ligand specific for a targeted cell type.

Book Chapter
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: ICRISAT has identified 28 entomopathogenic bacteria and actinomycetes capable of managing the most agriculturally beneficial traits studied viz. phosphate solublization, siderophore production, cellulose degradation, nitrogen fixation, antagonism to disease causing fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas.
Abstract: Interest in biological control of plant insect pests and pathogens has been stimulated in recent years by trends in agriculture towards greater sustainability and public concern about the use of hazardous pesticides. Microorganisms have the capability to synthesize many different biologically active secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, herbicides, pesticides, antiparasitic and enzymes like cellulase, chitinase and xylanase. Microbial collection at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India has over 2000 accessions of bacteria and actinomycetes isolated from various sources and/or niches of composts, rhizosphere and rhizoplane soil samples of sorghum and rice. These accessions possess at least one of six agriculturally beneficial traits studied viz. phosphate solublization, siderophore production, cellulose degradation, nitrogen fixation, antagonism to disease causing fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas. In addition to that ICRISAT has also identified 28 entomopathogenic bacteria and actinomycetes capable of managing the most

Journal Article
TL;DR: Ginkgo biloba extract was evaluated for prophylactic value against renal ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidant stress in rat subjected to transient unilateral renal artery ligation.
Abstract: Ginkgo biloba extract was evaluated for prophylactic value against renal ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidant stress in rat subjected to transient unilateral renal artery ligation. Oral Ginkgo biloba treatment (2mg/kg) was administered by different schedule before experimental induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Malondialdehyde has been taken as indicator for free radical damage produced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Three hour pretreatment by the drug has most prominent inhibitory effect on consequent tissue and plasma malondialdehyde level of lipid peroxidation. Further, the relative inhibition of malondialdehyde level in tissue and plasma allow to infer drug effect on generation, but not the clearance of malondialdehyde. No significant difference of outcome from 1, 2 and 3 days treatment indicate no cumulation and thus safety in that respect. Ginkgo biloba treatment appears both effective and safe for prophylaxis of reperfusion injury following ischemia catastrophies.