抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

Review on Effect of Bedding Material on Production, Reproduction and Health of Dairy Animals

Gene pyramiding and horizontal resistance to diara stress in mustards.

Context Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland parenchyma, and is an unending cause of economic loss to the dairy industry. The interest in research on biomarker discovery for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis stems largely from the need to identify reliable biomarkers. Aim To determine the putative biomarkers of mastitis by using bioinformatics analysis, and experimental validation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers of the mammary gland in healthy and diseased animals. Methods Various in silico analysis tools were applied to screen for gene expression in mastitis. Milk, as well as blood samples, was collected aseptically from the animals, which were then classified into three groups; namely, clinical, subclinical and control. Samples were subjected to assay of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and the prescribed methodology respectively. Key results In silico analysis revealed that mastitis reduces the expression of fat metabolism and immune system-related genes, whereas it increased the expression of inflammatory genes. On laboratory analysis of cytokines and acute phase protein, it was revealed that interleukin-1∝, interleukin-8 and haptoglobin were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in both blood serum and milk whey in subclinical and clinical mastitis cows. On analysis of oxidative biomarkers, our results showed that oxidative stress was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with progression of mastitis in dairy cows. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the blood serum level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and a decrease in the level of anti-oxidant enzymes – glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase – compared with healthy animals. Conclusion In conclusion, bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput gene expression revealed the involvement of multiple pathways, including the inflammatory pathway, fatty acid pathway and triglyceride synthesis pathway, in mastitis. Experimental validation confirmed that interleukin-8 and haptoglobin are putative early diagnostic markers for mastitis in dairy cattle. This study also concluded that milk can be used for the detection of cytokines as a non-invasive technique.

Putative biomarkers for early detection of mastitis in cattle

Recently, multimedia stands as one of the most demanding and exciting aspects of the information era and every moments several multimedia information are created and transmitted all around the world through different unsecured networks (Singh et al. 2017). Digital document distribution over open channel using information and communication technology (ICT) has proved an indispensible and cost effective technique for dissemination and distribution of digital media files (Singh et al. 2017; Agrawal et al. 2019; Podilchuk and Delp 2001). However, prevention of copyright violation, ownership identification, and identity theft have been challenging issues due to attempts of malicious attacks/ hacking of open channel information (Singh et al. 2017). The prime motive behind attacks can be to alter, modify, or even delete the document watermark to illegally claim ownership or preventing the information transfer to intended recipients. Therefore, addressing these challenges has been an interesting problem for researchers in the field. One such effort that has been attracting interest is based on multimedia data hiding, which is a technique to hide multimedia data into a cover message without creating any perceptual distortion of the cover for identification, annotation and copyright (Singh et al. 2018; Mohanty et al. 2017). In recent years, multimedia data hiding techniques develops very fast and applies to many applications, such as E-health, military, communication, privacy protection, identification, media file archiving, broadcast monitoring, hardware and chip level security, remote education and insurance companies, secured E-voting systems, fingerprinting, real time audio/video, robotics, rightful ownership of identity card and digital cinema (Singh et al. 2017; Mohanty et al. 2017). Our Call for Papers received an enthusiastic response with 31 high-quality submissions. Per the journal policy, it was ensured that handling editors did not have any potential conflict of interest with authors of submitted articles. All articles were reviewed by at least two independent potential referees. The articles were evaluated for their rigor and quality, and also for their relevance to the theme of our Special Issue. After a rigorous review process, we accepted 11 articles to form the Special Issue. The brief summary about each paper is presented as follows.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12652-019-01499-5.pdf

Guest editorial: Recent trends in multimedia data-hiding: a reliable mean for secure communications

We compared the clinical, radiological and microbial profile in children suffering from community-acquired pneumonia in rural populations of north India. A total of 125 such children were divided into two age groups of 2-12 months (Group A) and 13-60 months (Group B). After taking a history and clinical examination, routine investigations including full blood count, blood, urine, and nasopharyngeal swab culture and radiology were performed. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae was carried out. Failure to eat or drink was more common (40.9%) in Group A, than Group B (18.7%). Lung consolidation was more common in Group B. Blood and urine culture were found to be more positive in Group A while combined nasopharyngeal culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction favoured more bacterial growth in Group B.

Amit Singh

Papers

Review on Effect of Bedding Material on Production, Reproduction and Health of Dairy Animals

Gene pyramiding and horizontal resistance to diara stress in mustards.

Putative biomarkers for early detection of mastitis in cattle

Guest editorial: Recent trends in multimedia data-hiding: a reliable mean for secure communications

Clinical and microbial spectrum of community-acquired pneumonia in children of north India.