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Anand Plappally

Bio: Anand Plappally is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur. The author has contributed to research in topics: Ceramic & Water conservation. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 30 publications receiving 651 citations. Previous affiliations of Anand Plappally include Ohio State University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of the available literature on energy intensity for water use in the municipal and agricultural sectors and separating the process into several stages is presented in this article, where water supply, water treatment, residential end use, wastewater treatment, and agriculture end use are considered.
Abstract: Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water supply, treatment, use and disposal. The intensity of energy consumption (kW h/m 3 ) depends upon the specific technologies applied at each stage of the water cycle. For some technologies, the intensity may be relatively low, whereas the intensity of other technologies is substantially greater. This report surveys the available literature on energy intensity for water use in the municipal and agricultural sectors and separates the process into several stages. Water supply, water treatment, residential end use, wastewater treatment, and agriculture end use are considered. Representative values of the energy consumed per unit water are given for a broad range of processes. Water extraction and pumping from ground and surface sources is considered. The energy intensity of treatment required for different types of water source is found to vary widely between the extremes of relatively fresh surface waters, which use energy mainly in pumping, and seawater, which requires desalination. Energy usage for different methods of irrigation including pressurized as well as surface irrigation is studied. The energy intensity of residential end use is very high relative to other parts of the water supply cycle. Processes such as heating water, washing clothes and dishes, and cooking are briefly studied within the water end-use stage. Hot water usage is responsible for making end use the most energy intensive stage of the water cycle. Hot water use in different buildings is briefly reviewed. Wastewater treated with various processes is considered, and the energy intensity is found to be highest when advanced wastewater treatment methods are applied. Energy consumption in the agricultural sector, which is principally related to irrigation pumping, is generally of lower energy intensity than for the municipal treatment or end use.

490 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the cost of different water supply and water treatment options around the world, and the relationship between cost and volume of water treated by specific treatment options is assessed.
Abstract: The paper reviews the cost of different water supply and water treatment options around the world. The cost of supplying ground water is found to be proportional to the lift. The relationship between cost and volume of water treated by specific treatment options is assessed. Vehicular transportation of water is found to be very costly compared to wastewater treatment and compared to conventional water treatment and supply. Efforts have been made to differentiate the cost of water with respect to its application in various sectors. The capital cost of infrastructure required to extract, treat, supply, and reclaim water is also studied. Finally, the effects of precipitation, geographic aspects, population, financial, regulatory laws, and social attributes of a specific region are considered as they affect the cost of water. Global use of water in agriculture and the costs of agricultural irrigation are studied. Pressurized irrigation systems are costlier compared to flood or surface irrigation systems.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of porosity on the flow rate and Escherichia coli (E. coli) filtration characteristics of porous ceramic water filters (CWFs) were investigated.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of porosity on the flow rate and Escherichia coli (E. coli) filtration characteristics of porous ceramic water filters (CWFs) prepared without a coating of silver. Clay-based CWFs were fabricated by sintering composites of redart clay and fine woodchips (sawdust) in three different proportions by volume, viz: 50∶50, 65∶35, and 75∶25. Sintering the greenware below 1,000°C produced reddish colored pot of three different degrees of porosity and micro- and nanoscale pores, which are the key to efficient filtration. The porosities and pore size distribution frequencies of the sintered clay ceramics were characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The porosity of the CWFs ranged from ∼36% to ∼47% and increased with increasing sawdust content in a linear fashion, and the pore size varied from ∼10 nm to ∼100 μm. The volume flow rates of water through the CWFs were investigated by measuring the cumulative amount of water...

33 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiparameter lognormal multivariate regression approach is proposed for assessing the combined effects of quantity of compositional constituent of raw materials used in ceramic manufacture on toughness.
Abstract: The focus of this study is on the physical properties of clay ceramic materials compatible for drinking water filtration. A multiparameter lognormal multivariate regression approach is proposed for assessing the combined effects of quantity of compositional constituent of raw materials used in ceramic manufacture on toughness. The approach was validated for two specimen types (T- and S-specimens) derived from a circular base of the frustum shaped, porous clay ceramic ware (PCCW). The PCCW were manufactured from clay and sieved sawdust mixed at distinct volume fractions. The variation of the porosity and density of the PCCW was studied with respect to the amounts of sawdust and clay used in the manufacturing. The research helped to clearly define the roles of clay and sawdust quantities for strength development in both T- and S-specimen. A generalized experimental approach is proposed for estimation of mechanical properties of clay ceramics as a function of the material constituent fractions. A polynomial relationship was developed between the compressive strength and density of the PCCW material. The statistical model expressions developed herein may be used for the prediction of material and mechanical properties of similar materials, including natural and engineered materials.

28 citations

22 Feb 2011
TL;DR: Health of the Eweje village community was greatly influenced by the number of people using the filter, the time of filter usage, education, maintainability, access to medical facilities, and economic status.
Abstract: Field study and surveys were conducted to evaluate interdisciplinary parameters influencing the health of people using ceramic filters for water purification. A total of 52 families were distributed with filters at Eweje Village, Odeda local government area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Surveys contained questions related to hygiene, health, water source and treatment, socio-economic and educational status of people and their use of clay ceramic water filters. Several parameters were studied including time of use of water filter, maintainability, education, societal economics, and social the status of the people using the filters. There was interdependence between these parameters. Health of the Eweje village community was greatly influenced by the number of people using the filter, the time of filter usage, education, maintainability, access to medical facilities, and economic status. A novel multi parameter multivariate regression approach clearly enumerates the hierarchy of the effects of the influencing variables on the health of Eweje community. Apart from population and time of filter use, access to medical services also influenced health of this rural community.

17 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a state-of-the-art review on energy, water and environment interconnection and future energy efficient desalination possibilities to save energy and protect environment.

479 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the desalination trends around the world is provided and the sustainability components of Desalination processes in comparison with other water supply alternatives are discussed to increase current understanding on the sensitive and futuristic issues of water supply and resource management options for drought facing regions.

349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical account of micro-algae as an important step in wastewater treatment for enhancing the reduction of N, P and the chemical oxygen demand in wastewater, whilst utilising a fraction of the energy demand of conventional biological treatment systems.

318 citations