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Anand Yethiraj

Bio: Anand Yethiraj is an academic researcher from St. John's University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Phase transition & Liquid crystal. The author has an hindex of 22, co-authored 72 publications receiving 2381 citations. Previous affiliations of Anand Yethiraj include University of British Columbia & Fundamental Research on Matter Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jan 2003-Nature
TL;DR: This work demonstrates a charge- and sterically stabilized colloidal suspension—poly(methyl methacrylate) spheres in a mixture of cycloheptyl (or cyclohexyl) bromide and decalin—where both the repulsive range and the anisotropy of the interparticle interaction potential can be controlled.
Abstract: Monodisperse colloidal suspensions of micrometre-sized spheres are playing an increasingly important role as model systems to study, in real space, a variety of phenomena in condensed matter physics—such as glass transitions and crystal nucleation1,2,3,4. But to date, no quantitative real-space studies have been performed on crystal melting, or have investigated systems with long-range repulsive potentials. Here we demonstrate a charge- and sterically stabilized colloidal suspension—poly(methyl methacrylate) spheres in a mixture of cycloheptyl (or cyclohexyl) bromide and decalin—where both the repulsive range and the anisotropy of the interparticle interaction potential can be controlled. This combination of two independent tuning parameters gives rise to a rich phase behaviour, with several unusual colloidal (liquid) crystalline phases, which we explore in real space by confocal microscopy. The softness of the interaction is tuned in this colloidal suspension by varying the solvent salt concentration; the anisotropic (dipolar) contribution to the interaction potential can be independently controlled with an external electric field ranging from a small perturbation to the point where it completely determines the phase behaviour. We also demonstrate that the electric field can be used as a pseudo-thermodynamic temperature switch to enable real-space studies of melting transitions. We expect studies of this colloidal model system to contribute to our understanding of, for example, electro- and magneto-rheological fluids.

834 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tunable control of interparticle interactions in colloids will enable quantitative studies of phase transition kinetics as well as the creation of advanced materials with switchability of function and properties.
Abstract: Systems of spherical colloidal particles mimic the thermodynamics of atomic crystals. Control of interparticle interactions in colloids, which has recently begun to be extensively exploited, gives rise to rich phase behaviours as well as crystal structures with nanoscale and micron-scale lattice spacings. This provides model systems in which to study fundamental problems in condensed matter physics, such as the dynamics of crystal nucleation and melting, and the nature of the glass transition, at experimentally accessible lengthscales and timescales. Tunable control of these interactions provides reversible control. This will enable quantitative studies of phase transition kinetics as well as the creation of advanced materials with switchability of function and properties.

215 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulations and experiment results suggest that many popular water models do not accurately describe the dynamic nature of the hydrogen bond network of water at room temperature.
Abstract: The effect of salt on the dynamics of water molecules follows the Hofmeister series. For some “structure-making” salts, the self-diffusion coefficient of the water molecules, D, decreases with increasing salt concentration. For other “structure-breaking” salts, D increases with increasing salt concentration. In this work, the concentration and temperature dependence of the self-diffusion of water in electrolyte solutions is studied using molecular dynamics simulations and pulsed-field-gradient NMR experiments; temperature-dependent viscosities are also independently measured. Simulations of rigid, nonpolarizable models at room temperature show that none of the many models tested can reproduce the experimentally observed trend for the concentration dependence of D; that is, the models predict that D decreases with increasing salt concentration for both structure-breaking and structure-making salts. Predictions of polarizable models are not in agreement with experiment either. These results suggest that man...

157 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the collective dynamics that can arise in colloidal systems subjected to electromagnetic fields is presented, focusing on phenomena that are not simply understandable purely from a dipolar model, but instead emerge from the collective behavior of many discrete interacting components driven out of equilibrium by external forces.
Abstract: We present a current review of the collective dynamics that can arise in colloidal systems subjected to electromagnetic fields. The focus is on phenomena that are not simply understandable purely from a dipolar model, but instead emerge from the collective behavior of many discrete interacting components driven out of equilibrium by external forces. We examine in particular the fascinating diversity of large-scale dynamical structures that arise due to the interplay between the induced interactions, time-dependent energy injection, and coupling with the fluid flow.

112 citations


Cited by
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1(PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员,通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

18,940 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work argues for a conceptual framework for these new building blocks based on anisotropy attributes and discusses the prognosis for future progress in exploiting an isotropy for materials design and assembly.
Abstract: A revolution in novel nanoparticles and colloidal building blocks has been enabled by recent breakthroughs in particle synthesis These new particles are poised to become the ‘atoms’ and ‘molecules’ of tomorrow’s materials if they can be successfully assembled into useful structures Here, we discuss the recent progress made in the synthesis of nanocrystals and colloidal particles and draw analogies between these new particulate building blocks and better-studied molecules and supramolecular objects We argue for a conceptual framework for these new building blocks based on anisotropy attributes and discuss the prognosis for future progress in exploiting anisotropy for materials design and assembly

2,558 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jan 2011-Nature
TL;DR: This paper shows how colloidal spheres can be induced to self-assemble into a complex predetermined colloidal crystal—in this case a colloidal kagome lattice—through decoration of their surfaces with a simple pattern of hydrophobic domains, and encodes the target supracolloidal architecture.
Abstract: A challenging goal in materials chemistry and physics is spontaneously to form intended superstructures from designed building blocks. In fields such as crystal engineering and the design of porous materials, this typically involves building blocks of organic molecules, sometimes operating together with metallic ions or clusters. The translation of such ideas to nanoparticles and colloidal-sized building blocks would potentially open doors to new materials and new properties, but the pathways to achieve this goal are still undetermined. Here we show how colloidal spheres can be induced to self-assemble into a complex predetermined colloidal crystal-in this case a colloidal kagome lattice-through decoration of their surfaces with a simple pattern of hydrophobic domains. The building blocks are simple micrometre-sized spheres with interactions (electrostatic repulsion in the middle, hydrophobic attraction at the poles, which we call 'triblock Janus') that are also simple, but the self-assembly of the spheres into an open kagome structure contrasts with previously known close-packed periodic arrangements of spheres. This open network is of interest for several theoretical reasons. With a view to possible enhanced functionality, the resulting lattice structure possesses two families of pores, one that is hydrophobic on the rims of the pores and another that is hydrophilic. This strategy of 'convergent' self-assembly from easily fabricated colloidal building blocks encodes the target supracolloidal architecture, not in localized attractive spots but instead in large redundantly attractive regions, and can be extended to form other supracolloidal networks.

1,125 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Nov 2004-Nature
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in both model systems, a combination of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion results in the formation of small equilibrium clusters, which is relevant for nucleation processes during protein crystallization, protein or DNA self-assembly.
Abstract: Controlling interparticle interactions, aggregation and cluster formation is of central importance in a number of areas, ranging from cluster formation in various disease processes to protein crystallography and the production of photonic crystals. Recent developments in the description of the interaction of colloidal particles with short-range attractive potentials have led to interesting findings including metastable liquid-liquid phase separation and the formation of dynamically arrested states (such as the existence of attractive and repulsive glasses, and transient gels). The emerging glass paradigm has been successfully applied to complex soft-matter systems, such as colloid-polymer systems and concentrated protein solutions. However, intriguing problems like the frequent occurrence of cluster phases remain. Here we report small-angle scattering and confocal microscopy investigations of two model systems: protein solutions and colloid-polymer mixtures. We demonstrate that in both systems, a combination of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion results in the formation of small equilibrium clusters. We discuss the relevance of this finding for nucleation processes during protein crystallization, protein or DNA self-assembly and the previously observed formation of cluster and gel phases in colloidal suspensions.

967 citations