Anastassios Philippou

Bio: Anastassios Philippou is an academic researcher from National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The author has contributed to research in topics: Medicine & Skeletal muscle. The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 78 publications receiving 2131 citations. Previous affiliations of Anastassios Philippou include University of Pennsylvania.

Muscle regeneration: cellular and molecular events.

Abstract: Muscle injury induces strong changes in muscle cells and extracellular matrix. Muscle regeneration after injury has similarities to muscle development during embryogenesis and seems to follow the same procedure. The initial phase of muscle repair is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the damaged tissue. Almost simultaneously, previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated, proliferate, differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Other non-muscle stem cells may also take part in this process. Secreted factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and others, are released during muscle repair and guide muscle regeneration, however, their exact functions and effects on muscle remodeling remain unknown. Intensive research is currently addressing the regenerative mechanisms which are involved in acute muscle injuries and chronic muscle diseases.

Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration and hypertrophy.

Abstract: Skeletal muscle is able not only to increase its mass as an adaptation to mechanical loading generated by and imposed upon muscle but also to regenerate after damage, via its intrinsic regulation of gene transcription. Both cellular processes, muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, are mediated by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cells and appear to be modulated by the mitotic and myogenic activity of locally produced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which functions in an autocrine/paracrine mode. Differentiation of satellite cells into myoblasts involves the regulation of skeletal muscle-specific proteins belonging to the family of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). The endocrine, autocrine and paracrine functions of IGF-1 are mediated through binding to the type I IGF receptor (IGF-1.R), which is a ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinase. The binding of IGF-1 to IGF-1.R induces its autophosphorylation, which recruits specific cytoplasmic molecules containing the Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins (IRS). The recruitment of IRS proteins by IGF-1/IGF-1.R binding is a critical level at which the proliferative and differentiative actions of IGF-1 diverge. Specific signaling pathways downstream of IGF-1, potentially involved in the mitogenic and myogenic responses and mediating skeletal muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy following exercise-induced muscle overloading and damage, are discussed. A potential alternative activation of different signaling pathway(s) via a different receptor remains to be demonstrated.

The Role of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Abstract: The human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene gives rise to multiple, heterogeneous mRNA transcripts through a combination of multiple transcription initiation sites, alternative splicing and different polyadenylation signals. These IGF-1 mRNA transcripts code different isoforms of the precursor peptide of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb and IGF-1Ec or MGF in human skeletal muscle), which also undergo post-translational modification. There is increasing interest in differential expression and implication of IGF-1 isoforms in the regulation of muscle fiber regeneration and hypertrophy following mechanical overloading and damage. The identification of a locally expressed, loading- or damage-sensitive IGF-1 isoform in skeletal muscle was one of the most attractive developments in the context of the autocrine/paracrine actions of IGF-1. The concept that the competing processes of cellular proliferation and differentiation and the increased protein synthesis required for muscle repair or hypertrophic adaptation are regulated by a differential expression and by distinct roles of IGF-1 isoforms is discussed in the present review.

Vitamin D deficiency.

Abstract: admission. This proportion could already be greater in some parts of the country and may increase if referrals of cases of self-poisoning increase faster than the facilities for their assessment and management. The provision of social work and psychiatric expertise in casualty departments may be one means of preventing unnecessary medical admissions without risk to the patients. Dr Blake's and Dr Bramble's figures do not demonstrate, however, that any advantage would attach to medical teams taking over assessment from psychiatrists except that, by implication, assessments would be completed sooner by staff working on the ward full time. What the figures actually suggest is that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units (by 19°U), outpatients (by 5O°'), and referrals to social services (by 140o). So for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services. The study does not tell us what the consequences would have been for the six patients who the psychiatrists would have admitted but to whom the house doctors would have offered outpatient appointments. E J SALTER

Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective : 食物、栄養、身体活動とがんの予防 : 世界的展望(後篇)

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Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche

Abstract: Adult skeletal muscle in mammals is a stable tissue under normal circumstances but has remarkable ability to repair after injury. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process invol...

Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins: Editor's comments

Abstract: BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is related to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly because it leads to improvement in the lipoprotein profile. However, the amount of exercise training required for optimal benefit is unknown. In a prospective, randomized study, we investigated the effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on lipoproteins. METHODS A total of 111 sedentary, overweight men and women with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to participate for six months in a control group or for approximately eight months in one of three exercise groups: high-amount-high-intensity exercise, the caloric equivalent of jogging 20 mi (32.0 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; low-amount-high-intensity exercise, the equivalent of jogging 12 mi (19.2 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; or low-amount-moderate-intensity exercise, the equivalent of walking 12 mi per week at 40 to 55 percent of peak oxygen consumption. Subjects were encouraged to maintain their base-line body weight. The 84 subjects who complied with these guidelines served as the basis for the main analysis. Detailed lipoprotein profiling was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with verification by measurement of cholesterol in lipoprotein subfractions. RESULTS There was a beneficial effect of exercise on a variety of lipid and lipoprotein variables, seen most clearly with the high amount of high-intensity exercise. The high amount of exercise resulted in greater improvements than did the lower amounts of exercise (in 10 of 11 lipoprotein variables) and was always superior to the control condition (11 of 11 variables). Both lower-amount exercise groups always had better responses than the control group (22 of 22 comparisons). CONCLUSIONS The highest amount of weekly exercise, with minimal weight change, had widespread beneficial effects on the lipoprotein profile. The improvements were related to the amount of activity and not to the intensity of exercise or improvement in fitness.

Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association.

Abstract: Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2019-2052, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.