The second edition of this acclaimed graduate text provides a unified treatment of two methods used in contemporary econometric research, cross section and data panel methods. By focusing on assumptions that can be given behavioral content, the book maintains an appropriate level of rigor while emphasizing intuitive thinking. The analysis covers both linear and nonlinear models, including models with dynamics and/or individual heterogeneity. In addition to general estimation frameworks (particular methods of moments and maximum likelihood), specific linear and nonlinear methods are covered in detail, including probit and logit models and their multivariate, Tobit models, models for count data, censored and missing data schemes, causal (or treatment) effects, and duration analysis. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data was the first graduate econometrics text to focus on microeconomic data structures, allowing assumptions to be separated into population and sampling assumptions. This second edition has been substantially updated and revised. Improvements include a broader class of models for missing data problems; more detailed treatment of cluster problems, an important topic for empirical researchers; expanded discussion of "generalized instrumental variables" (GIV) estimation; new coverage (based on the author's own recent research) of inverse probability weighting; a more complete framework for estimating treatment effects with panel data, and a firmly established link between econometric approaches to nonlinear panel data and the "generalized estimating equation" literature popular in statistics and other fields. New attention is given to explaining when particular econometric methods can be applied; the goal is not only to tell readers what does work, but why certain "obvious" procedures do not. The numerous included exercises, both theoretical and computer-based, allow the reader to extend methods covered in the text and discover new insights.

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Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface.1. Introduction.1.1 Panel Data: Some Examples.1.2 Why Should We Use Panel Data? Their Benefits and Limitations.Note.2. The One-way Error Component Regression Model.2.1 Introduction.2.2 The Fixed Effects Model.2.3 The Random Effects Model.2.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation.2.5 Prediction.2.6 Examples.2.7 Selected Applications.2.8 Computational Note.Notes.Problems.3. The Two-way Error Component Regression Model.3.1 Introduction.3.2 The Fixed Effects Model.3.3 The Random Effects Model.3.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation.3.5 Prediction.3.6 Examples.3.7 Selected Applications.Notes.Problems.4. Test of Hypotheses with Panel Data.4.1 Tests for Poolability of the Data.4.2 Tests for Individual and Time Effects.4.3 Hausman's Specification Test.4.4 Further Reading.Notes.Problems.5. Heteroskedasticity and Serial Correlation in the Error Component Model.5.1 Heteroskedasticity.5.2 Serial Correlation.Notes.Problems.6. Seemingly Unrelated Regressions with Error Components.6.1 The One-way Model.6.2 The Two-way Model.6.3 Applications and Extensions.Problems.7. Simultaneous Equations with Error Components.7.1 Single Equation Estimation.7.2 Empirical Example: Crime in North Carolina.7.3 System Estimation.7.4 The Hausman and Taylor Estimator.7.5 Empirical Example: Earnings Equation Using PSID Data.7.6 Extensions.Notes.Problems.8. Dynamic Panel Data Models.8.1 Introduction.8.2 The Arellano and Bond Estimator.8.3 The Arellano and Bover Estimator.8.4 The Ahn and Schmidt Moment Conditions.8.5 The Blundell and Bond System GMM Estimator.8.6 The Keane and Runkle Estimator.8.7 Further Developments.8.8 Empirical Example: Dynamic Demand for Cigarettes.8.9 Further Reading.Notes.Problems.9. Unbalanced Panel Data Models.9.1 Introduction.9.2 The Unbalanced One-way Error Component Model.9.3 Empirical Example: Hedonic Housing.9.4 The Unbalanced Two-way Error Component Model.9.5 Testing for Individual and Time Effects Using Unbalanced Panel Data.9.6 The Unbalanced Nested Error Component Model.Notes.Problems.10. Special Topics.10.1 Measurement Error and Panel Data.10.2 Rotating Panels.10.3 Pseudo-panels.10.4 Alternative Methods of Pooling Time Series of Cross-section Data.10.5 Spatial Panels.10.6 Short-run vs Long-run Estimates in Pooled Models.10.7 Heterogeneous Panels.Notes.Problems.11. Limited Dependent Variables and Panel Data.11.1 Fixed and Random Logit and Probit Models.11.2 Simulation Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models with Panel Data.11.3 Dynamic Panel Data Limited Dependent Variable Models.11.4 Selection Bias in Panel Data.11.5 Censored and Truncated Panel Data Models.11.6 Empirical Applications.11.7 Empirical Example: Nurses' Labor Supply.11.8 Further Reading.Notes.Problems.12. Nonstationary Panels.12.1 Introduction.12.2 Panel Unit Roots Tests Assuming Cross-sectional Independence.12.3 Panel Unit Roots Tests Allowing for Cross-sectional Dependence.12.4 Spurious Regression in Panel Data.12.5 Panel Cointegration Tests.12.6 Estimation and Inference in Panel Cointegration Models.12.7 Empirical Example: Purchasing Power Parity.12.8 Further Reading.Notes.Problems.References.Index.

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Econometric Analysis of Panel Data

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and models

Intrastriatal grafts of tissue obtained from the striatal or neocortical primordia of rat fetuses have been studied with respect to their intrinsic organization and connectivity using antibodies to DARPP-32 in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, and anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing techniques. The striatal grafts were characterized by distinct patches of DARPP-32-immunoreactive neurons, which were identical to the densely AChE-positive patches stained in adjacent sections from the same specimens. The non-patch areas possessed only few DARPP-32-positive neurons and contained only sparse AChE-positive fibres. The cortical grafts, by contrast, contained no neurons with clear-cut DARPP-32-positivity and they exhibited a sparse, evenly distributed AChE fibre network, similar to that seen in the non-patch areas of the striatal grafts.



The host dopaminergic afferents, as revealed by TH immunostaining, had grown selectively into the DARPP-32-positive patches in the striatal grafts, where they formed a dense terminal network around the DARPP-32-positive cell bodies. The non-patch areas, as well as the cortical grafts, received only sparse TH innervation. By contrast, the host cortical afferents, labelled by Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin from the host frontal cortex, were seen to extend into both the patch and non-patch areas of the striatal grafts.



Transplant neurons projecting into the host brain were labelled by Fluoro-Gold injections into the ipsilateral host globus pallidus. These injections labelled large numbers of medium-sized neurons within the striatal grafts and the vast majority of them (over 85%) were confined to the DARPP-32-positive patches. Similar Fluoro-Gold injections labelled only few graft neurons in the cortical grafts.



The results indicate that the striatal grafts are composed of a mixture of striatal and non-striatal tissue, and that the striatal graft compartment selectively establishes afferent and efferent connections with the host nigro-pallidal system. These graft connections demonstrate a remarkable specificity in the formation of graft–host connectivity. The results, moreover, suggest that developmental properties of the grafted striatal primordium are retained and expressed in the implanted cell suspension, and that the neuronal systems of the lesioned adult host brain, at least to some extent, remain responsive to growth regulating mechanisms normally operating during ontogenetic development.

Intrinsic Organization and Connectivity of Intrastriatal Striatal Transplants in Rats as Revealed by DARPP-32 Immunohistochemistry: Specificity of Connections with the Lesioned Host Brain.

Regional specification of neurosphere cultures derived from subregions of the embryonic telencephalon.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder for which there is presently no cure. Pharmacological remedies targeting the dopaminergic network are relatively effective at ameliorating motor deficits, especially in the early stages of the disease, but none of these therapies are curative and many generate their own problems. Recent advances in PD research have demonstrated that gene delivery of trophic factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin, in particular, can provide structural and functional recovery in rodent and nonhuman primate models of PD. Similar success has been gleaned in open-label clinical trials, although this has yet to be realized in double-blinded analyses. This work reviews the field of trophic factor gene delivery for PD. (C) 2013 Movement Disorder Society (Less)

Trophic Factor Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

Influences of nature and nurture on earnings variation: A report on a study of various sibling types in Sweden

This report is an English version of the 2003 Report form the SNS Welfare Policy Group (Valfardspolitiska radet). This version is slightly more technical than the Swedish version and contains more details on some of the analyses. The initiative to the theme of the report originated from SNS, while the research presented here to a large extent represents ongoing research projects of the individual authors. This report is an English version of the 2003 Report form the SNS Welfare Policy Group (Valfardspolitiska radet). This version is slightly more technical than the Swedish version and contains more details on some of the analyses. The initiative to the theme of the report originated from SNS, while the research presented here to a large extent represents ongoing research projects of the individual authors.

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Anders Björklund

Papers

Intrinsic Organization and Connectivity of Intrastriatal Striatal Transplants in Rats as Revealed by DARPP-32 Immunohistochemistry: Specificity of Connections with the Lesioned Host Brain.

Regional specification of neurosphere cultures derived from subregions of the embryonic telencephalon.

Trophic Factor Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

Influences of nature and nurture on earnings variation: A report on a study of various sibling types in Sweden

Education, equality, and efficiency - An analysis of Swedish school reforms during the 1990s