https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69523-8.pdf

Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence

Background The emergence of drug-resistant strains of bacteria has complicated treatment decisions and may lead to treatment failures. Methods We examined data on invasive pneumococcal disease in patients identified from 1995 to 1998 in the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococci that had a high level of resistance or had intermediate resistance according to the definitions of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards were defined as “resistant” for this analysis. Results During 1998, 4013 cases of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease were reported (23 cases per 100,000 population); isolates were available for 3475 (87 percent). Overall, 24 percent of isolates from 1998 were resistant to penicillin. The proportion of isolates that were resistant to penicillin was highest in Georgia (33 percent) and Tennessee (35 percent), in children under five years of age (32 percent, vs. 21 percent for persons five or more years of ag...

/pdf/increasing-prevalence-of-multidrug-resistant-streptococcus-30lzaabn4r.pdf

Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.

Preface Development Research Techniques Social Research: Genesis and Scope Research Process Sampling and Sample Size Estimation Data Analysis Multivariate Analysis Data Analysis Using Quantitative Software Population, Health and Nutrition Education Water and Sanitation Poverty, Inequality and Rural Development Environment and Natural Resource Management Appendices Bibliography Index

Quantitative Social Research Methods

Context. —This large outbreak of foodborne disease highlights the challenge of investigating outbreaks caused by intentional contamination and demonstrates the vulnerability of self-service foods to intentional contamination. Objective. —To investigate a large community outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections. Design. —Epidemiologic investigation of patients with Salmonella gastroenteritis and possible exposures in The Dalles, Oregon. Cohort and case-control investigations were conducted among groups of restaurant patrons and employees to identify exposures associated with illness. Setting. —A community in Oregon. Outbreak period was September and October 1984. Patients. —A total of 751 persons with Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with eating or working at area restaurants. Most patients were identified through passive surveillance; active surveillance was conducted for selected groups. A case was defined either by clinical criteria or by a stool culture yielding S Typhimurium. Results. —The outbreak occurred in 2 waves, September 9 through 18 and September 19 through October 10. Most cases were associated with 10 restaurants, and epidemiologic studies of customers at 4 restaurants and of employees at all 10 restaurants implicated eating from salad bars as the major risk factor for infection. Eight (80%) of 10 affected restaurants compared with only 3 (11%) of the 28 other restaurants in The Dalles operated salad bars (relative risk, 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-22.7; P Conclusions. —This outbreak of salmonellosis was caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars by members of a religious commune.

/pdf/a-large-community-outbreak-of-salmonellosis-caused-by-95simuyntn.pdf

A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars

BACKGROUND. The prevalence and seriousness of childhood obesity has prompted calls for broad public health solutions that reach beyond clinic settings. Schools are ideal settings for population-based interventions to address obesity. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine the effects of a multicomponent, School Nutrition Policy Initiative on the prevention of overweight (85.0th to 94.9th percentile) and obesity (>95.0th percentile) among children in grades 4 through 6 over a 2-year period. METHODS. Participants were 1349 students in grades 4 through 6 from 10 schools in a US city in the Mid-Atlantic region with ≥50% of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals. Schools were matched on school size and type of food service and randomly assigned to intervention or control. Students were assessed at baseline and again after 2 years. The School Nutrition Policy Initiative included the following components: school self-assessment, nutrition education, nutrition policy, social marketing, and parent outreach. RESULTS. The incidences of overweight and obesity after 2 years were primary outcomes. The prevalence and remission of overweight and obesity, BMI z score, total energy and fat intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, body dissatisfaction, and hours of activity and inactivity were secondary outcomes. The intervention resulted in a 50% reduction in the incidence of overweight. Significantly fewer children in the intervention schools (7.5%) than in the control schools (14.9%) became overweight after 2 years. The prevalence of overweight was lower in the intervention schools. No differences were observed in the incidence or prevalence of obesity or in the remission of overweight or obesity at 2 years. CONCLUSION. A multicomponent school-based intervention can be effective in preventing the development of overweight among children in grades 4 through 6 in urban public schools with a high proportion of children eligible for free and reduced-priced school meals.

A Policy-Based School Intervention to Prevent Overweight and Obesity

/pdf/epi-info-version-6-a-word-processing-database-and-statistics-luxnvqooia.pdf

Andrew G. Dean

Papers

Epi info, version 6 : a word-processing, database, and statistics program for public health on IBM-compatible microcomputers