Luminogenic materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes have attracted much interest since the debut of the AIE concept in 2001. In this critical review, recent progress in the area of AIE research is summarized. Typical examples of AIE systems are discussed, from which their structure–property relationships are derived. Through mechanistic decipherment of the photophysical processes, structural design strategies for generating new AIE luminogens are developed. Technological, especially optoelectronic and biological, applications of the AIE systems are exemplified to illustrate how the novel AIE effect can be utilized for high-tech innovations (183 references).

Aggregation-induced emission

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

3.7. Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts 888 3.8. Other Transition-Metal Complexes 888 3.9. Transition-Metal-Free Reactions 889 4. Applications 889 4.1. Alkynylation of Arenes 889 4.2. Alkynylation of Heterocycles 891 4.3. Synthesis of Enynes and Enediynes 894 4.4. Synthesis of Ynones 896 4.5. Synthesis of Carbocyclic Systems 897 4.6. Synthesis of Heterocyclic Systems 898 4.7. Synthesis of Natural Products 903 4.8. Synthesis of Electronic and Electrooptical Molecules 906

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/ericyang/Chem.%20Rev/Chem.%20Rev.%202007,%20107,%20874-922.pdf

The Sonogashira Reaction: A Booming Methodology in Synthetic Organic Chemistry†

Asymmetric enamine catalysis.

A new iron(III) halide-promoted aza-Prins cyclization between γ,δ-unsaturated tosylamines and aldehydes provides six-membered azacycles in good to excellent yields. The process is based on the consecutive generation of γ-unsaturated-iminium ion and further nucleophilic attack by the unsaturated carbon−carbon bond. Homoallyl tosylamine leads to trans-2-alkyl-4-halo-1-tosylpiperidine as the major isomer. In addition, the alkyne aza-Prins cyclization between homopropargyl tosylamine and aldehydes gives 2-alkyl-4-halo-1-tosyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines as the only cyclic products. The piperidine ring is widely distributed throughout Nature, e.g., in alkaloids,1 and is an important scaffold for drug discovery, being the core of many pharmaceutically significant compounds.2,3 The syntheses of these type of compounds have been extensively studied in the development of new drugs containing six-membered-ring heterocycles.4 Reactions between N-acyliminium ions and nucleophiles, also described as amidoalkylation or Mannich-type condensations, have been frequently used to introduce substituents at the R-carbon of an amine.5 There are several examples that involve an intramolecular attack of a nucleophilic olefin into an iminium cation for the construction of a heterocyclic ring system.6 Traditionally, the use of hemiaminals or their derivatives as precursors of N-acyliminium intermediates has been a common two-step strategy in these reactions.6a Among this type of cyclization is the aza-Prins cyclization,7 which uses alkenes as intramolecular nucleophile. However, cy† X-ray analysis. E-mail address: malopez@ull.es. (1) (a) Fodor, G. B.; Colasanti, B. Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological PerspectiVes; Pelletier, S. W., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1985; Vol. 23, pp 1-90. (b) Baliah, V.; Jeyarama, R.; Chandrasekaran, L. Chem. ReV. 1983, 83, 379-423. (2) Watson, P. S.; Jiang, B.; Scott, B. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3679-3681. (3) Horton, D. A.; Bourne, G. T.; Smythe, M. L. Chem. ReV. 2003, 103, 893-930. (4) Buffat, M. G. P. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 1701-1729 and references therein. (5) Speckamp, W. N.; Moolenaar, M. J. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 3187- 3856 and references therein. (6) (a) Hiemstra, H.; Speckamp, W. N. In ComprehensiVe Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M., Fleming, O., Heathcock, C. H., Eds.; Pergamon: New York, 1991; Vol. 2, pp 1047-1081. (b) Speckamp, W. N.; Hiemstra, H. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 4367-4416. (7) (a) Dobbs, A. P.; Guesne, S. J. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Coles, S. J. Synlett 2003, 11, 1740-1742. (b) Dobbs, A. P.; Guesne, S. J. J.; Martinove, S.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 7880-7883. (c) Hanessian, S.; Tremblay, M.; Petersen, F. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6064-6071 and references therein. (d) Dobbs, A. P.; Guesne, S. J. Synlett 2005, 13, 2101-2103. ORGANIC

Iron-Catalyzed Reactions in Organic Synthesis

Most associate liquid crystals with their everyday use in laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, and other electronic devices. However, in contrast to their rodlike (calamitic) counterparts, first described in 1907 by Vorlander, disklike (discotic, columnar) liquid crystals, which were discovered in 1977 by Chandrasekhar et al., offer further applications as a result of their orientation in the columnar mesophase, making them ideal candidates for molecular wires in various optical and electronic devices such as photocopiers, laser printers, photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and holographic data storage. Beginning with an overview of the various mesophases and characterization methods, this Review will focus on the major classes of columnar mesogens rather than presenting a library of columnar liquid crystals. Emphasis will be given to efficient synthetic procedures, and relevant mesomorphic and physical properties. Finally, some applications and perspectives in materials science and molecular electronics will be discussed.

Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Tailor-Made Synthesis to Plastic Electronics

Discotic Liquid Crystals.

Quaternary stereocenters are a particular challenge for stereoselective synthesis. With a central view on this specific structural issue, selected examples from the recent literature are highlighted in order to evaluate the state of the art of asymmetric CC bond formation. The review is divided into sections on addition and substitution reactions, rearrangements and cycloaddition reactions.

Stereoselective Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters

Construction of quaternary stereocenters: new perspectives through enantioselective Michael reactions.

Foreward. Preface. List of Contributors. Symbols and Abbreviations. 1 Important Natural Products (Hirokazu Arimoto and Daisuke Uemura). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Alkylation of Tertiary Carbon Centers. 1.3 Cycloaddition to Alkenes. 1.4 Rearrangement Reactions. 1.5 Carbometallation Reactions. 1.6 C-H Functionalization Reactions. 1.7 Asymmetric Modification of Enantiotopic/Diastereotopic Substituents of Quaternary Carbon Centers. 1.8 Summary. 2 Important Pharmaceuticals and Intermediates (Johannes G. de Vries). 2.1 The Chirality of Drugs and Agrochemicals. 2.2 Steroids. 2.3 Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals Based on a-Dialkylated Amino Acids. 2.4 Azole Antimycotics. 2.5 Alkaloids. 2.6 HIV Inhibitors. 2.7 &beta -Lactam Antibiotics. 2.8 The Tetracyclines. 2.9 Summary and Outlook. 3 Aldol Reactions (Bernd Schetter and Rainer Mahrwald). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Metal Enolates. 3.3 Catalytic Aldol Additions. 3.4 Conclusions. 3.5 Note Added in Proof 79 4 Michael Reactions and Conjugate Additions (Angelika Baro and Jens Christoffers). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Chiral Bronstedt Bases. 4.3 Chiral Metal Complexes. 4.4 Chiral Auxiliaries. 5 Rearrangement Reactions (Annett Pollex and Martin Hiersemann). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Applications. 5.3 Summary. 6 Cycloaddition Reactions (Giovanni Desimoni and Givseppe Faita). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 [2+1] Cycloaddition Reactions. 6.3 [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. 6.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. 6.5 Diels-Alder Reactions. 6.6 Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions. 6.7 Consecutive Cycloaddition Reactions. 7 Asymmetric Cross-coupling and Mizoroki-Heck Reactions (Louis Barriault and Effiette L. O. Sauer). 7.1 The Asymmetric Heck Reaction. 7.2 Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions. 7.3 Summary. 8 Alkylation of Ketones and Imines (Diego J. Ramon and Miguel Yus). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Diastereoselective Additions. 8.3 Enantioselective Additions by Modulated Processes. 8.4 Enantioselective Additions by Promoted Processes. 9 Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation (Manfred Braun). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Electrophilic Allylic Alkylation. 9.3 Nucleophilic Allylic Alkylation. 9.4 Miscellaneous Methods. 9.5 Outlook. 10 Phase-Transfer Catalysis (Takashi Ooi and Keiji Maruoka). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Through PTC. 10.3 Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation Through PTC. 10.4 Conclusion. 11 Radical Reactions (Kalyani Patil and Mukund P. Sibi). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Radical Cyclization. 11.3 Atom- and Group-transfer Cyclizations. 11.4 Intermolecular Radical Allylations. 11.5 Other Metallic Reagents. 11.6 Radical Reactions in the Solid State. 11.7 Conclusion. 11.8 Experimental. 12 Enzymatic Methods (Uwe T. Bornscheuer, Erik Henke, and Jurgen Pleiss). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Strategies for the Kinetic Resolution of Sterically Demanding Substrates. 12.3 Conclusion. Index.

Angelika Baro

Papers

Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Tailor-Made Synthesis to Plastic Electronics

Discotic Liquid Crystals.

Stereoselective Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters

Construction of quaternary stereocenters: new perspectives through enantioselective Michael reactions.

Quaternary Stereocenters: Challenges and Solutions for Organic Synthesis