s.y.rashida@gmail.com ABSTRACT  In order to the rapid growth of the network application, new kinds of network attacks are emerging endlessly. So it is critical to protect the networks from attackers and the Intrusion detection technology becomes popular. Therefore, it is necessary that this security concern must be articulate right from the beginning of the network design and deployment. The intrusion detection technology is the process of identifying network activity that can lead to a compromise of security policy. Lot of work has been done in detection of intruders. But the solutions are not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a novel Distributed Intrusion Detection System using Multi Agent In order to decrease false alarms and manage misuse and anomaly detects.

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Hybrid Architecture for Distributed Intrusion Detection System in Wireless Network

Wireless ad hoc networks rely on the cooperation of participating nodes to undertake activities such as routing. Malicious nodes participating in the network may refuse to forward packets and instead discard them to mount a denial-of-service attack called a packet drop or blackhole attack. Blackhole attacks can however be easily detected using common networking tools like trace route as all packets passing through the malicious node is dropped. A gray hole attack on the other hand accomplishes denial of service by selectively dropping packets thus escaping detection. In this paper, a novel two player incomplete information extensive form game is used to model the defender and the attacker both of whom are considered rational agents in an effort to determine their optimal (equilibrium) strategies under different values for the parameters true detection rate, false alarm rate, packet value, packets forwarded per unit time, probability of the node being a gray hole, cost of exposure of the attacker and cost of not using a node for the defender. The respective equilibrium strategies if followed guarantee maximum possible protection for the defender and maximal possible damage potential for the attacker.

Game Theoretic Modeling of Gray Hole Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

This paper introduces the design of a high-gain wideband microstrip patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G communication. The proposed antenna integrates a novel defected ground structure (DGS) for achieving the wide bandwidth. The ground plane uses a triangular strip inserted into the ground plane to improve the performance of the antenna. It also uses the reflective plate to concentrate the side lobes and minimise the production of the back lobe, thereby boosting the main lobe of the radiated signal and thus increasing the gain of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna uses the FR-4 epoxy substrate with an inset feed technique in its design. The simulation and optimisation of the proposed antenna were carried out with CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna design is compact with a dimension of 28:03  23:455:35mm3 and a maximum gain and directivity of 6.21 dB and 7.56 dB respectively, with a radiation efficiency of about 80%. The proposed antenna operates from 4.921 GHz to 5.784 GHz, which covers the 4.9 GHz-5.8 GHz of the sub-6 GHz 5G communications spectrum. Fabricated and measured result of the antenna confirm simulated results.

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A High Gain Antenna with DGS for Sub-6 GHz 5G Communications

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are autonomous and decentralized wireless systems. MANETs consist of mobile nodes that are free in moving in and out in the network. Security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is the most important concern for the basic functionality of network. MANETs often suffer from security attacks because of its features like open medium, changing its topology dynamically, lack of central monitoring and management, cooperative algorithms and no clear defense mechanism. This characteristic makes MANETs more vulnerable to be exploited by an attacker inside the network. In MANET, a gray hole refers to a malicious node which initially responds to route requests normally but when packets are sent to it for transmission, it drops those packets either selectively or indiscriminately. In terms of detection, a gray hole is harder to detect since it behaves normally during the route discovery phase. Its malicious behavior exhibits only when data packets are routed through it. This behavior can be intermittent and not necessarily continuous or periodic in nature. This paper speaks about gray hole detection by using cluster of three nodes and its performance with various mobility and number of nodes.

Detection of gray hole in MANET through cluster analysis

The advancement in technology to manage energy generation using solar panels has proved vital for increased reliability and reduced cost. Solar panels emit no pollution while producing electricity as a renewable energy source. However, the solar panel is adversely affected by dirt, a major environmental factor affecting energy production. The intensity of light falling on the solar panel is reduced when dirt accumulates on the surface. This, in turn, lowers the output of electrical energy generated by the solar panel. Since cleansing the solar panel is essential, constant monitoring and evaluation of these processes are necessary to optimize them. This emphasizes the importance of using smart systems to monitor dirt and clean solar panels to improve their performance. The paper tries to verify the existence and the degree of research interest in this topic and seeks to evaluate the impact of smart systems to detect dirt conditions and clean solar panels compared to autonomous and manual technology. Research on smart systems for addressing dirt accumulation on solar panels was conducted taking into account efficiency, accuracy, complexity, and reliability, initial and running cost. Overall, real-time monitoring and cleaning of the solar panel improved its output power with integrated smart systems. It helps users get real-time updates of the solar panel’s condition and control actions from distant locations. A critical limitation of this research is the insufficient empirical analysis of existing smart systems, which should be thoroughly examined to allow further generalization of theoretical findings.

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Solar Panels Dirt Monitoring and Cleaning for Performance Improvement: A Systematic Review on Smart Systems

Many intrusion detection algorithms have been proposed to detect network attacks on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET). Most of such proposals require extensive modifications to routing algorithms or lower layers which might not be always feasible in practice. This paper proposes a simple but non-trivial scheme TraceGray, that uses mobile agents (MA) to carry out intrusion detection in a MANET without modifying either the underlying routing algorithms or other layers like the datalink layer. TraceGray works only in the application layer and detects multiple gray holes in a DSR protocol based MANET, while traversing the network from a given source to a destination. Since mobile agents work in the application layer, our approach requires no changes to any existing routing protocols or lower layers and is essentially protocol independent. The ns-2 based implementation show successful detection of multiple gray holes in networks with moderate mobility.

TraceGray: An application-layer scheme for intrusion detection in MANET using mobile agents

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are prone to many security attacks. One such attack is the blackhole attack. This work proposes a simple and effective application layer based intrusion detection scheme in a MANET to detect blackholes. The proposed algorithm utilizes mobile agents(MA) and wtracert(modified version of Traceroute for MANET) to detect multiple black holes in a DSR protocol based MANET. Use of MAs ensure that no modifications need to be carried out in the underlying routing algorithms or other lower layers. Simulation results show successful detection of single and multiple blackhole nodes, using the proposed detection mechanism, across varying mobility speeds of the nodes.

ReverseRoute: An Application-Layer Scheme for Detecting Blackholes in MANET Using Mobile Agents

Traceroute program is extensively used in wired networks to track the route packets take on their way to a destination. However, traceroute is often less effective in wireless networks where broken routes are too common. In this paper, the design of wtracert is presented that employs optimal timeouts to provide a faster implementation of the traditional traceroute. Optimal timeout period of timers is based on exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) of round-trip-times of UDP packets. Our linux based implementation of wtracert shows marked improvement over standard traceroute especially when the target is not reachable.

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Wtracert: An optimal timer based traceroute implementation for wireless networks

Due to increase in power consumption and greenhouse problem all over the world, an alternative source is necessary for generating clean and environmental friendly electric power. In this regard, solar energy could be a good choice of power generation. Moreover, solar energy has also become more efficient as compared to other source of energy systems. The performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) panel however depends on the incoming light to panel surface and it is governed by environmental parameters, mainly dust and lichen/moss buildups. All these shading creates a barrier in the path of incoming sun light, which reduces the amount of sunlight falling on photovoltaic panel surface, and hence power output and performance of panel reduces significantly. There is an urgency in improving the efficiency of solar power generation. To address this issue, we have successfully engineered a self-cleaning solar panel. This specific panel detects the obstruction with a LDR(Light Dependent Resistor) Sensor. It makes the decision from the Microcontroller unit to either clean the panel with the Wiper and Spray water or continue to charge the battery. Our mechanism to combat the decreasing in efficiency of the solar panel is unique, self-reliant, and easy to use. Thus we propose a solar panel cleaning system in order to make a solar panel operate at the best power generation state, while the solar panel is used in any environment.

Intelligent Automated Smart Solar Panel Using Internet of Things

Vehicles of today are increasingly being networked via various available networking technologies. IEEE 802.11p advocates Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication via Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) between vehicles in the frequency range of 5.9 GHz. Also, IEEE 802.11j proposes the usage of 4.9 GHz frequency range for Wi-Fi. This paper proposes a dual band antenna that is capable of operating in both the WAVE and Wi-Fi bands. This proposed antenna is expected to be simple, easy-to-produce and inexpensive; it can be a cost-effective alternative to use of multiple directional antennas for vehicles. The choice of microstrip patch antenna technology with defected ground structure (DGS) was driven by cost considerations and ease of bulk manufacturing. This omni-directional antenna is expected to be fitted in a central location in the vehicle to avoid requirement of two or more directional antennas. The proposed antenna is characterized by popular antenna design software Ansoft HFSS.

Ani Taggu

Papers

TraceGray: An application-layer scheme for intrusion detection in MANET using mobile agents

ReverseRoute: An Application-Layer Scheme for Detecting Blackholes in MANET Using Mobile Agents

Wtracert: An optimal timer based traceroute implementation for wireless networks

Intelligent Automated Smart Solar Panel Using Internet of Things

A dual band omni-directional antenna for WAVE and Wi-Fi