Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Appraisal of marigold flower based lutein as natural colourant for textile dyeing under the influence of gamma radiations

The revival of cultural heritage in a form of natural colorants for textile dyeing is gaining popularity due to their soothing nature and bright shades The present study was conducted to explore the coloring potential of harmala (Peganum harmala) seeds and to improve color strength of dye using microwave radiations followed by a mordanting process The results showed that harmala plant seeds could be an excellent source of natural dyes for cotton dyeing if the irradiated acidified methanolic extract (RE, 4 min) is used to dye un-irradiated fabric (NRC) at 85 °C for 45 min using a dye bath of pH 90 having salt concentration of 7 g/100 mL Alum (1%) as pre-mordants and iron (7%) as post-mordants have improved the color strength in chemical mordanting more than other mordants employed The bio-mordants employed reveal that 10% of acacia as pre-bio-mordants and 7% of acacia as post-bio-mordants are effective amounts to obtain high color strength Suggested ISO standards for colorfastness illustrate that bio-mordanting has given more excellent rating as compared to chemical mordants It is concluded that harmala seeds have a great potential to act as a source of natural colorant for cotton dyeing under the influence of microwave radiation

Microwave-assisted extraction and dyeing of chemical and bio-mordanted cotton fabric using harmal seeds as a source of natural dye

Plant Growth Regulation is an international journal publishing original articles in English on all aspects of plant growth and development. Published papers report on questionbased research using hormonal, physiological, environmental, genetical, biophysical, developmental or molecular approaches to the study of plant growth regulation. Emphasis is placed on papers presenting the results of original research. The journal occasionally presents reviews on important topics.  The journal is listed in Current

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Plant Growth Regulation

Mordants take an important place in natural dyeing. Currently, rare-earth metals, industrial organic wastes, or by-products are becoming increasingly popular as alternative natural dye and mordant sources. The chapter covers sources, types, classification, properties, and mechanism of mordants, conventional metal mordants and biomordants, effects and importance of mordants in natural dyeing, opportunities for replacement and elimination of metal mordants, their effects in color yield and fastness properties, optimization of mordant usage, concentrations and environmental impacts versus general acceptances in the light of current researches and synthetic dyeing, toxicological properties of mordants, environmental effects of metal mordants and their limits in ecological criteria, novel/potential mordants, and innovative approaches and ends with a note on the future trends in this area.

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Metal mordants and biomordants

Natural dyes, which were pushed during the last sixty years into the background by synthetic dyes, are recently again becoming object of consumer interests. This is due to the awareness of possible risks during production of synthetic dyes which involve use of petrochemical based raw materials and the violent chemical reactions for their synthesis. The manufacture of such dyes is energy intensive with adverse impact on environment adding to its pollution. Many of these dyes, especially the azo- based ones, are found to be carcinogenic. In this background, a brief review of natural colourant from plant sources, their classification, chemical constituents responsible for producing different colours, its activities and effect of different mordants on the hue is discussed. Different classes of mordants employed for fixation of natural colouration on textiles substrated, its mechanism and plant sources are also discussed.

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Aniket S Bhute

Papers

Plant based natural dyes and mordnats: A Review