Anil Meena

Bio: Anil Meena is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology Madras. The author has contributed to research in topics: Tool wear & Machining. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 17 publications receiving 193 citations. Previous affiliations of Anil Meena include Arts et Métiers ParisTech & ParisTech.

Exploring the Immunomodulatory Aspect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Severe Coronavirus Disease 19

Abstract: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, positive sense, single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus and family Coronaviridae. It is primarily transmitted from infected persons to healthy ones through inhalation of virus-laden respiratory droplets. After an average incubation period of 2–14 days, the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic and/or mildly symptomatic, whereas the remaining individuals manifest a myriad of clinical symptoms, including fever, sore throat, dry cough, fatigue, chest pain, and breathlessness. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor for cellular invasion, and lungs are amongst the most adversely affected organs in the body. Thereupon, immune responses are elicited, which may devolve into a cytokine storm characterized by enhanced secretion of multitude of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1A (MIP1A), platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB), and vascular endothelial factor (VEGF)-A. The systemic persistence of inflammatory molecules causes widespread histological injury, leading to functional deterioration of the infected organ(s). Although multiple treatment modalities with varying effectiveness are being employed, nevertheless, there is no curative COVID-19 therapy available to date. In this regard, one plausible supportive therapeutic modality may involve administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or MSC-derived bioactive factors-based secretome to critically ill COVID-19 patients with the intention of accomplishing better clinical outcome owing to their empirically established beneficial effects. MSCs are well established adult stem cells (ASCs) with respect to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, and pro-regenerative properties. The immunomodulatory capabilities of MSCs are not constitutive but rather are highly dependent on a holistic niche. Following intravenous infusion, MSCs are known to undergo considerable histological trapping in the lungs and, therefore, become well positioned to directly engage with lung infiltrating immune cells, and thereby mitigate excessive inflammation and reverse/regenerate damaged alveolar epithelial cells and associated tissue post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Considering the myriad of abovementioned biologically beneficial properties and emerging translational insights, MSCs may be used as potential supportive therapy to counteract cytokine storms and reduce disease severity, thereby facilitating speedy recovery and health restoration.

Anti‐friction Coating for Drilling of Green Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) grade

Abstract: In this paper the anti‐friction performance of two types of coating, post‐coated coating and PVD‐TiAlN coating were investigated when drilling green austempered ductile iron (ADI) grade. The green ADI grade is produced by a new processing technology known as continuous casting‐heat treatment process. The effect of coatings on tool wear and surface finish of the holes when drilling using coolant were reported. Results showed that the tool with post‐coated coating has higher anti‐friction properties as compared to PVD‐TiAlN coating in terms of tool wear and surface roughness. Results also showed that there is a formation of preventive aluminum oxide layer during machining for both types of coating.

Cutting performance and wear mechanisms of PVD coated carbide tools during dry drilling of newly produced ADI

Abstract: The austempered ductile iron (ADI) material is widely used for automotive and structural applications. However, it is considered a difficult to machine material due to its strain hardening behavior and low thermal conductivity characteristics; thus delivering higher mechanical and thermal loads at the tool-chip interface, which significantly affects the tool wear and surface quality. The paper thus overviews the cutting performance and wear behavior of different cutting tools during dry drilling of newly produced ADI material. Cutting performance was evaluated in terms of specific cutting energy, workpiece surface integrity and tool wear behavior. Tool wear behavior shows crater wear mode and workpiece adhesion. The surface alteration at the machined subsurface was confirmed from the hardness variation. Multilayer (Ti,Al,Cr)N coated tool shows improved cutting performance and wear behavior due to its enhanced tribological adaptability as compared to another PVD coating leading to the reduction in specific...

A review identifying the effectiveness of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) during conventional machining

Abstract: Government legislation and public opinion are the main drivers behind the movement of manufacturing companies towards sustainable production. Fundamentally, companies want to avoid future financial penalties and the industry is therefore under pressure to adapt new techniques and practices in order to become environmentally friendly. The cost efficiency of metal cutting operations is highly dependent on accuracy, excellent surface finish and minimized tool wear and, to this end, has traditionally made abundant use of cutting fluid in machining operations. However, these cutting fluids have been a major contributor to environmental and health issues. In recent years, an enormous effort to eradicate these adverse effects has been made with one important focus being the implementation of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). In the present work, the authors have reviewed the current state of the art in MQL with a particular focus on drilling, turning, milling and grinding machining operations. Overall, it is concluded that MQL has huge potential as a substitute for conventional flood cooling.

Environmentally Friendly Machining: Vegetable Based Cutting Fluids

Abstract: A wide variety of cutting fluids are commercially available in the cutting fluid suppliers in order to provide machining performances for a number of industries In machining, mineral, synthetic and semi-synthetic cutting fluids are widely used but, recently, uses of vegetable based cutting fluids have been increased Although, these cutting fluids are beneficial in the industries, their uses are being questioned nowadays as regards to health and environmental issues Cutting fluids are contaminated with metal particles and degradation products which diminish the effectiveness of cutting fluids To minimize the adverse environmental effects associated with the use of cutting fluids, the hazardous components from their formulations have to be eliminated or reduced to the acceptable level In addition, mineral based cutting fluids are going to be replaced with vegetable based cutting fluids since they are environmentally friendly Today to diminish the negative effects associated with cutting fluids, researchers have developed new bio based cutting fluids from various vegetable oils This chapter has also focused on environmental conscious machining such as dry cutting, machining with minimum quantity lubricant and especially machining with vegetable based cutting fluids including other types of cutting fluids Literatures associated with types of cutting fluids have also been presented in this chapter