介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels

As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum , and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Domestic wood burning and road traffic are the major sources of PAHs in Sweden. In Stockholm, the sum of 14 different PAHs is 100-200 ng/m(3) at the street-level site, the most abundant being phenanthrene. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varies between 1 and 2 ng/m(3). Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. B[a]P is the main indicator of carcinogenic PAHs. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high concentrations in ambient air and because it is an experimental carcinogen in certain test systems. Thus, fluoranthene is suggested as a complementary indicator to B[a]P. The most carcinogenic PAH identified, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is also suggested as an indicator, although it occurs at very low concentrations. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data. According to the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the unit risk is 9 X 10(-5) per ng/m(3) of B[a]P as indicator of the total PAH content, namely, lifetime exposure to 0.1 ng/m(3) would theoretically lead to one extra cancer case in 100,000 exposed individuals. This concentration of 0.1 ng/m(3) of B[a]P is suggested as a health-based guideline. Because the carcinogenic potency of fluoranthene has been estimated to be approximately 20 times less than that of B[a]P, a tentative guideline value of 2 ng/m(3) is suggested for fluoranthene. Other significant PAHs are phenanthrene, methylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene (high air concentrations), and large-molecule PAHs such as dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (high carcinogenicity). Additional source-specific indicators are benzo[ghi]perylene for gasoline vehicles, retene for wood combustion, and dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene for sulfur-containing fuels.

Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.

Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata.

Covalent nucleoside adducts of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxides: structural reinvestigation and characterization of a novel adenosine adduct on the ribose moiety

Porous silicon based potentiometric triglyceride biosensor.

1. Metabolites isolated from the urine of rats after oral administration of geraniol (I) were: geranic acid (II), 3-hydroxy-citronellic acid (III), 8-hydroxy-geraniol (IV), 8-carboxy-geraniol (V) and Hildebrandt acid (VI).

2. Metabolites isolated from urine of rats after oral administration of linalool (VII) were 8-hydroxy-linalool (VIII) and 8-carboxy-linalool (IX).

3. After three days of feeding rats with either geraniol or linalool, liver-microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. Both NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were not significantly changed during the six days of treatment.

4. Oral administration of these two terpenoids did not affect any of the lung-microsomal parameters measured.

Metabolism of geraniol and linalool in the rat and effects on liver and lung microsomal enzymes.

Fifteen years ago, we proposed bay-region diol epoxides as the reactive metabolites responsible for the tumorigenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Jerina and Daly, 1976; Jerina et al, 1976; Jerina and Lehr, 1977) In the intervening period, extensive studies from several laboratories have provided substantial evidence that over a dozen hydrocarbons are activated by this pathway (Jerina et al, 1984; Lehr et al, 1985; Thakker et al, 1985) Examples have been forthcoming from a variety of structural types including benz- and dibenzanthracenes and acridines, benz- and dibenzpyrenes, chrysenes, and benzo[c]phenanthrene To date, there are no known examples of carcinogenic alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for which a bay-region diol epoxide is not an ultimate carcinogen Although a number of mechanistically attractive alternatives to bay-region diol epoxides exist (Watabe et al, 1989; Cavalieri and Rogan, 1985; Miller et al, this volume), the extent of their contribution to the overall carcinogenicity of the hydrocarbons remains to be established

Anju Chadha

Papers

Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata.

Covalent nucleoside adducts of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxides: structural reinvestigation and characterization of a novel adenosine adduct on the ribose moiety

Porous silicon based potentiometric triglyceride biosensor.

Metabolism of geraniol and linalool in the rat and effects on liver and lung microsomal enzymes.

Covalent Bonding of Bay-Region Diol Epoxides to Nucleic Acids