National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

The optical properties of the light-absorbing, carbonaceous substance often called “soot,” “black carbon,” or “carbon black" have been the subject of some debate. These properties are necessary to model how aerosols affect climate, and our review is targeted specifically for that application. We recommend the term light-absorbing carbon to avoid conflict with operationally based definitions. Absorptive properties depend on molecular form, particularly the size of sp 2-bonded clusters. Freshly-generated particles should be represented as aggregates, and their absorption is like that of particles small relative to the wavelength. Previous compendia have yielded a wide range of values for both refractive indices and absorption cross section. The absorptive properties of light-absorbing carbon are not as variable as is commonly believed. Our tabulation suggests a mass-normalized absorption cross section of 7.5 ± 1.2 m2/g at 550 nm for uncoated particles. We recommend a narrow range of refractive indices for s...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521

Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review

An introduction to heat transfer

Data Reduction And Error Analysis For The Physical Sciences

Soot processes in compression ignition engines

Fire dynamics simulator- technical reference guide

/pdf/fire-dynamics-simulator-version-2-technical-reference-guide-4aqxgmeqay.pdf

Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 2) -- Technical Reference Guide | NIST

Comparisons of the soot volume fraction using gravimetric and light extinction techniques

Measurements of the pulsation frequency in non-premixed flames were conducted for gaseous and liquid fuels. Measurements were performed over a wide range of Froude number (≈10−4 to ≈103), Reynolds number (≈10 to ≈103) and burner diameter (0.0074 m to 0.30 m). The fuel velocity at the burner exit had a weak influence on the pulsation frequency for some diameters. The Strouhal number plotted as a function of the inverse Froude number was shown to correlate the measurements determined here as well as measurements reported in the literature for pulsations in flames burning gaseous, liquid and solid fuels over 14 orders of magnitude in Froude number. Previous measurements of the effect of enhanced gravitational level on the pulsation frequency were also interpreted in terms of the Strouhal number—Froude number relationship. Stability limits in flames were investigated. The critical fuel velocity needed to initiate pulsations was measured as a function of burner diameter for methane and propane flames. Flow visualization was used to measure the pulsation frequency of an isothermal buoyant gas stream over a range of Froude number (10−3 to 1). A plot of the Strouhal number as a function of the inverse Froude number also correlated the measurements, but yielded a different power law exponent than the reacting flow case.

An experimental investigation of the pulsation frequency of flames

A series of measurements designed to investigate the heat feedback in pool fires burning liquid fuels are reported. Such measurements are essential for the development and validation of detailed models which predict the burning rate of liquid hydrocarbons and solid polymers. The radial variation of the local radiative and local net heat flux incident on the surface of 0.30 m diameter pool fires were measured. A water-cooled, nitrogen purged, narrow view-angle gauge was developed to measure the radiative flux incident on the fuel surface. Measurements of the mass burning rate in a burner composed of annular rings was used to estimate the local heat feedback. A number of different fuels were studied, yielding flames with a wide range of heat release rates and luminosities. Consideration of the heat balance for a control volume enclosing the liquid PPOI indicated that radiation was an important component of the heat feedback for non-luminous fires and a dominant component in luminous fires.

Anthony P. Hamins

Papers

Fire dynamics simulator- technical reference guide

Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 2) -- Technical Reference Guide | NIST

Comparisons of the soot volume fraction using gravimetric and light extinction techniques

An experimental investigation of the pulsation frequency of flames

Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires