Anthony R. Smith

Bio: Anthony R. Smith is an academic researcher from Durham University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Mucin & Splenocyte. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 3 publications receiving 3595 citations.

Lymphocyte reactivity to "T" and "B" cell mitogens in Xenopus laevis: studies on thymus and spleen.

Abstract: The in vitro proliferative response of Xenopus thymus and spleen cells to the lymphocyte mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared in serum-free and foetal calf serum (FCS) — supplemented media. Dose-response curves with Con A were comparable for thymocytes and splenocytes. Increase in the level of FCS supplementation necessitated the addition of more mitogen to achieve optimal stimulation and resulted in poorer stimulation indices, particularly in spleen cultures. Thymus and spleen also behaved similarly to each other when stimulated with PHA. Splenocyte reactivity to this mitogen was optimal under serum-free conditions or with 1% FCS supplementation. In contrast, thymocyte reactivity to PHA remained unaffected by serum addition. Splenocytes in serum-free conditions responded particularly well to high doses of LPS. Thymocyte reactivity to this and another putative B cell mitogen, purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), was generally low. However, thymocytes in 10% FCS displayed significant stimulation. Thymocyte reactivity to LPS could be detected in late larval life. The possibility that some lymphocytes functionally-equivalent to mammalian B cells develop within the anuran thymus is discussed in the light of these experiments.

Directional Ca2+ effect on stimulation of mucin secretion from chicken trachea in vitro.

Abstract: Chicken tracheal mucosa in vitro transported and incorporated radioactive precursors into mucins, which were secreted at a steady rate into the tracheal lumen. Secretion of mucins labelled with 35 S and 3 H after pulse-labelling of the mucosal layer with Na 2 35 SO 4 and d-[1- 3 H]glucosamine as precursors was an energy-dependent process, as it was strongly inhibited by the action of respiratory-chain inhibitors, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, a metabolic blocker and a temperature shift from 41°C to 5°C. On the other hand, both cholinergic and parasympathomimetic agents considerably increased the secretion of dual-radiolabelled mucins when applied on the submucosal side of the trachea. The effect of Ca 2+ was directional, since only high submucosal (3.6 or 18mm) or low luminal (zero or 0.18mm) Ca 2+ massively enhanced the secretion of radiolabelled mucin compared with the mucin output measured under physiological Ca 2+ conditions (1.8mm). Whereas application of ionophore A23187 on either side of the trachea significantly increased mucin output, its presence in the appropriate tracheal compartment and under appropriate Ca 2+ conditions further accentuated the output of radiolabelled mucins. Addition of acetylcholine under appropriate conditions also had an additive effect on the Ca 2+ -stimulated secretion of mucins. Ca 2+ stimulation of mucin secretion appears to be dependent on the metabolic integrity of the mucosal cells. Mucins secreted in response to high submucosal and low luminal [Ca 2+ ] appear to consist of a number of different types of glycoproteins, as judged from their ion-exchange-chromatographic behaviour.

The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society.

Abstract: The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardistation sub-committee of the International Continence Society.

An international urogynecological association (IUGA)/international continence society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction

Abstract: Introduction and hypothesis Next to existing terminology of the lower urinary tract, due to its increasing complexity, the terminology for pelvic floor dysfunction in women may be better updated by a female-specific approach and clinically based consensus report. Methods This report combines the input of members of the Standardization and Terminology Committees of two Inter

An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction

Abstract: Next to existing terminology of the lower urinary tract, due to its increasing complexity, the terminology for pelvic floor dysfunction in women may be better updated by a female-specific approach and clinically based consensus report. This report combines the input of members of the Standardization and Terminology Committees of two International Organizations, the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) and the International Continence Society (ICS), assisted at intervals by many external referees. Appropriate core clinical categories and a subclassification were developed to give an alphanumeric coding to each definition. An extensive process of 15 rounds of internal and external review was developed to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision-making by collective opinion (consensus). A terminology report for female pelvic floor dysfunction, encompassing over 250 separate definitions, has been developed. It is clinically based with the six most common diagnoses defined. Clarity and user-friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the different specialty groups involved in female pelvic floor dysfunction. Female-specific imaging (ultrasound, radiology, and MRI) has been a major addition while appropriate figures have been included to supplement and help clarify the text. Ongoing review is not only anticipated but will be required to keep the document updated and as widely acceptable as possible. A consensus-based terminology report for female pelvic floor dysfunction has been produced aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.