The feminine script of early nineteenth century centered on women's role as patient, long-suffering mothers. By mid-century, however, their daughters faced a world very different in social and economic options and in the physical experiences surrounding their bodies. In this groundbreaking study, Nancy Theriot turns to social and medical history, developmental psychology, and feminist theory to explain the fundamental shift in women's concepts of femininity and gender identity during the course of the century -- from an ideal suffering womanhood to emphasis on female control of physical self. Theriot's first chapter proposes a methodological shift that expands the interdisciplinary horizons of women's history. She argues that social psychological theories, recent work in literary criticism, and new philosophical work on subjectivities can provide helpful lenses for viewing mothers and children and for connecting socioeconomic change and ideological change. She recommends that women's historians take bolder steps to historicize the female body by making use of the theoretical insights of feminist philosophers, literary critics, and anthropologists. Within this methodological perspective, Theriot reads medical texts and woman- authored advice literature and autobiographies. She relates the early nineteenth-century notion of "true womanhood" to the socioeconomic and somatic realities of middle-class women's lives, particularly to their experience of the new male obstetrics. The generation of women born early in the century, in a close mother/daughter world, taught theirdaughters the feminine script by word and action. Their daughters, however, the first generation to benefit greatly from professional medicine, had less reason than their mothers to associate womanhood with pain and suffering. The new concept of femininity they created incorporated maternal teaching but altered it to make meaningful their own very different experience. This provocative study applies interdisciplinary methodology to new and long-standing questions in women's history and invites women's historians to explore alternative explanatory frameworks.

Mothers and Daughters in Nineteenth-Century America: The Biosocial Construction of Femininity

Introduction THE not infrequent occurrence of haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space within the skull has long been known, but up to relatively recent times mainly as a cause of death in cases in whiclh an incorrect diagnosis had been made during life. It was not associated in the minds of clinicians with any distinctive symptomatology, and in consequence the belief was generally held that its recognition was almost impossi'ble at the bedside and its outcome usually fatal. But after the introduction of lumbar puncture by Quincke over twenty years ago it was fou;nd that the presence of blood in the spinal fluid under certain circumstances was a clear indication of bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Since then many important papers have been devoted to the subject, but our knowledge of it nevertheless is by no means complete. Aetiologically there are three main groups of cases: stibarachnoid haemorrhage from: (1) traumatic rupture of menipgeal vessels; (2) primary intracerebral haemorrhage, the blood usuavlly reaching the subarachnoid space by bursting through the brain substance; (3) non-traumatic rupture of a meningeal vessel or aneurysm.

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/9/5/209.full.pdf

On the relationship between subarachnoid and intraocular haemorrhage.

The clinical attractiveness of antibiotic agents, as typified by penicillin and streptomycin, lies in their ability to effect striking and specific bacteriostatic action in vivo without the simultaneous production of severe toxic symptoms. However, since penicillin and streptomycin are limited in their usefulness because of their ineffectiveness against certain important groups of pathogenic organisms, the search for new antibiotic agents continues in the hope that additional substances having sufficiently low toxicity will be found whose high antibiotic activity against the penicillinand streptomycin-resistant organisms will permit their therapeutic use in the conquest of the diseases caused by these pathogens. Although the fungi, including Actinomyces and related forms, and bacteria have been the most fruitful sources of antibiotic agents, antibiotic activity has also been attributed to the juices of certain green plants. Many plant families have been examined for antibiotic activity (Osborn, 1943; Huddleson et al., 1944; Lucas and Lewis, 1944; Seegal and Holden, 1945), and several plant constituents that possess antibiotic activity have been isolated in crystalline form. Among these antibiotic agents are a substance from garlic (Allium sativum) that has been tentatively identified as the sulfoxide of diallyl disulfide (Cavallito, Buck, and Suter, 1945); a substance from common burdock (Arctium minus) that has not been identified but which appears to be a lactone having the empirical formula C15H2006 (Cavallito, Bailey, and Kirchner, 1945); and a substance designated "crepin" from Crepis taraxacifolia that has the empirical formula C14H1604 (Heatley, 1944). It is the purpose of this paper to describe some of the antibiotic properties of what is believed to be a new antibiotic agent from a plant source. This substance occurs in the tomato plant and has been designated "tomatin." Tomatin has not yet been crystallized, but preparations of sufficient potency have been obtained to warrant a preliminary investigation of its antibiotic spectrum. Because of the probable impurity of the tomatin preparation used in the present investigation, the data to be presented have only qualitative or, at best, semi-

Partial Antibiotic Spectrum of Tomatin, an Antibiotic Agent from the Tomato Plant.

Objective: To validate the ethno-therapeutic claim of the traditionally used plant Jasminum auriculatum (J. auriculatum) in skin diseases, by evaluating its wound healing potential along with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties; so as to understand their role in wound healing. Materials and Methods: Excision and incision wound models were used to evaluate the wound healing activity on albino rats. The wound healing potential was assessed by measuring rate of wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, skin breaking strength and histopathological parameters. Reference standard drug was Nitrofurazone ointment. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration by serial dilution method. Results: Higher rate of wound contraction (83.66±0.50% on 15th day), decrease in the period of epithelialization (17.83±1.6days), higher skin breaking strength (170.71±1.52g), higher collagen content and favourable histopathological changes revealed that topical application of ointment containing successive ethanolic extract (S.E.E) of J. auriculatum leaves has the most potent wound healing ability compared to control group in both the models studied. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of successive ethanolic extract was found to be 33.39µg/ml. Successive ethanolic extract was found to be most effective against Pseudomonas auregenosa having a zone of inhibition 16.65±0.6mm and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.78mg/ml. Conclusion: The data of this study indicate that successive ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibit potent wound healing, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This justifies the ethnomedicinal use of plant for the treatment of wound and microbial infections.

http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_5723_84e7149136a53a04a2fa7f2ce796a2ab.pdf

Evaluation of wound healing, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of jasminum auriculatum vahl. leaves

Funding information Australian Research Council, Grant/Award Number: D170101394 Abstract Sometimes epistemologists theorize about belief, a tripartite attitude on which one can believe, withhold belief, or disbelieve a proposition. In other cases, epistemologists theorize about credence, a fine-grained attitude that represents one's subjective probability or confidence level toward a proposition. How do these two attitudes relate to each other? This article explores the relationship between belief and credence in two categories: descriptive and normative. It then explains the broader significance of the belief-credence connection and concludes with general lessons from the debate thus far. Video Abstract link: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=3eOSlPVYxI8&feature=youtu.be

Antoinette Brown Blackwell

Papers

The text-book.

The rational mind.

The philosophy of individuality, or, The one and the many

What is motion