The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

The State of Food and Agriculture

B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Recent advances on antimicrobial wound dressing: A review.

A wide range of microorganisms produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), highly hydrated polymers that are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and DNA. EPS are fundamental for microbial life and provide an ideal environment for chemical reactions, nutrient entrapment and protection against environmental stresses such as salinity and drought. Microbial EPS can enhance the aggregation of soil particles and benefit plants by maintaining the moisture of the environment and trapping nutrients. In addition, EPS have unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility, gelling and thickening capabilities, with industrial applications. However, despite decades of research on the industrial potential of EPS, only a few polymers are widely used in different areas, especially in agriculture. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on the ecological functions of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their application in agricultural soils to improve soil particle aggregation, an important factor for soil structure, health and fertility.

/pdf/microbial-extracellular-polymeric-substances-ecological-5agb4onre9.pdf

Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Ecological Function and Impact on Soil Aggregation.

Sodium alginate and gum acacia hydrogels of ZnO nanoparticles show wound healing effect on fibroblast cells

Modern agriculture largely relies on the extensive application of agrochemicals, including inorganic fertilizers and pesticides Indiscriminate, long-term and over-application of pesticides have severe effects on soil ecology that may lead to alterations in or the erosion of beneficial or plant probiotic soil microflora Weathered soils lose their ability to sustain enhanced production of crops/grains on the same land However, burgeoning concern about environmental pollution and the sustainable use of cropping land have emphasized inculcation of awareness and the wider application of tools, techniques and products that do not pollute the environment at all or have only meager ecological concerns This review covers the types of, concerns about and current issues regarding the extensive application of agrochemicals, in particular pesticides, on a variety of microorganisms integrated in successive food chains in the soil food web

Effect of pesticide application on soil microorganisms

Green synthesis has gained wide attention as a sustainable, reliable, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials, including hybrid materials, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, and bioinspired materials. Plant flowers contain diverse secondary compounds, including pigments, volatile substances contributing to fragrance, and other phenolics that have a profound ethnobotanical relevance, particularly in relation to the curing of diseases by 'Pushpa Ayurveda' or floral therapy. These compounds can be utilized as potent reducing agents for the synthesis of a variety of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium. Phytochemicals from flowers can act both as reducing and stabilizing agents, besides having a role as precursor molecules for the formation of NPs. Furthermore, the synthesis is mostly performed at ambient room temperatures and is eco-friendly, as no toxic derivatives are formed. The NPs obtained exhibit unique and diverse properties, which can be harnessed for a variety of applications in different fields. This review reports the use of a variety of flower extracts for the green synthesis of several types of metallic nanoparticles and their applications. This review shows that flower extract was mainly used to design gold and silver nanoparticles, while other metals and metal oxides were less explored in relation to this synthesis. Flower-derived silver nanoparticles show good antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and can be used in different applications.

Flower-Based Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications beyond Fragrance.

Zinc (Zn) is an important element of nutritional significance to humans, animals, and plants. The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) foliar spray at four different concentrations, viz. 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 g L−1 at 15-day interval on rice crop cv. PR-121 grown in Zn-deficient soil was assessed in a pot study for remediation of Zn deficiency and enhanced Zn fortification. The soil samples were analyzed for chemical properties, culturable microbial counts, dehydrogenase activity and plant vegetative characteristics, yield, and nutrient profile while the leaf samples were analyzed by scanning EM imaging and SEM-EDS techniques. The leaf surface after foliar spray showed the presence of ZnONPs on the leaf lamina near stomatal openings. The foliar application of ZnONPs (@ 5.0 g L−1) significantly improved the growth and yield parameters. However, root characteristics attained the highest values at 1.0 g L−1 ZnONPs application. The soil microbial counts and enzyme activities such as viable cell counts and dehydrogenase activity were observed to be the highest at 5.0 g L−1 ZnONPs treatment. Overall, ZnONPs treatments successfully reverted the Zn-deficiency symptoms besides enhancing the plant Zn contents, though the response was concentration dependent. These findings indicate that ZnONPs can be effectively used for remediation and Zn fortification in rice cultivated under low soil Zn concentrations.

Anu Kalia

Papers

Sodium alginate and gum acacia hydrogels of ZnO nanoparticles show wound healing effect on fibroblast cells

Effect of pesticide application on soil microorganisms

Flower-Based Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications beyond Fragrance.

Evaluation of Efficacy of ZnO Nanoparticles as Remedial Zinc Nanofertilizer for Rice

Influence of carboxy methylcellulose, chitosan and beeswax coatings on cold storage life and quality of Kinnow mandarin fruit