Preface Chapter 1 The challenge Chapter 2 The nature of the evidence: A synthesis of meta-analyses Chapter 3 The argument: Visible teaching and visible learning Chapter 4: The contributions from the student Chapter 5 The contributions from the home Chapter 6 The contributions from the school Chapter 7 The contributions from the teacher Chapter 8 The contributions from the curricula Chapter 9 The contributions from teaching approaches - I Chapter 10 The contributions from teaching approaches - II Chapter 11: Bringing it all together Appendix A: The 800 meta-analyses Appendix B: The meta-analyses by rank order References

Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement

Many widely used economic models implicitly assume that income shares should be identical across time and space. Although time‐series data from industrial countries appear consistent with this notion, cross‐section data generally appear to contradict the assumption. A commonly used calculation suggests that labor shares of national income vary from about .05 to about .80 in international cross‐section data. This paper suggests that the usual approach underestimates labor income in small firms. Several adjustments for calculating labor shares are identified and compared. They all yield labor shares for most countries in the range of .65–.80.

/pdf/getting-income-shares-right-2taatk92f1.pdf

Getting Income Shares Right

The Econometrics of Panel DataSpringer Handbook of Science and Technology IndicatorsPanel Data EconometricsThe Econometrics of Panel DataA Practitioner's Guide to Stochastic Frontier Analysis Using StataBenchmarking for Performance EvaluationEssays on Microeconomics and Industrial OrganisationHealth System EfficiencyInternational Journal of Production EconomicsEconometric Analysis of Model Selection and Model TestingInternational Applications of Productivity and Efficiency AnalysisAdvanced Robust and Nonparametric Methods in Efficiency AnalysisEconometrics and the Philosophy of EconomicsThe Measurement of Productive EfficiencyMeasuring Efficiency in Health CareFinancial, Macro and Micro Econometrics Using REconometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel DataApplied EconometricsProductivity and Efficiency AnalysisEconometric Model SelectionProductivity and Efficiency AnalysisStochastic Frontier AnalysisThe Oxford Handbook of Health EconomicsThe Measurement of Productive Efficiency and Productivity GrowthNew Directions in Productivity Measurement and Efficiency AnalysisA Primer on Efficiency Measurement for Utilities and Transport RegulatorsPanel Data EconometricsProduction and Efficiency Analysis with RApplications of Modern Production TheoryThe Measurement of Productive EfficiencyNonparametric Econometric Methods and ApplicationAn Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity AnalysisHealth, the Medical Profession, and RegulationThe Analysis of Household SurveysData Envelopment AnalysisProgramming Collective IntelligenceEfficiency AnalysisProductivity and Efficiency AnalysisMeasurement of Productivity and EfficiencyProduction Frontiers

The Econometric Approach to Efficiency Analysis

This study examines how accounting quality relates to firm-level capital investment efficiency. Our first hypothesis is that higher quality accounting enhances investment efficiency by reducing information asymmetry between managers and outside suppliers of capital. Our second hypothesis is that this effect should be stronger in economies where financing is largely provided through arm's-length transactions compared with countries where creditors supply more capital. Our results are consistent with these hypotheses both across and within countries. They are robust to alternative econometric specifications, different measures of accounting quality and investment-cash flow sensitivity, and numerous control variables.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?delivery_id=910806&mirid=1

Accounting Quality and Firm-Level Capital Investment

The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application

This chapter focuses on the motivations, objectives, and decisions of the producer. A producer's primary aim is to produce and sell the goods, services, and make profits. In economics terminology, the final or finished product is the output, while the resources used for production are the inputs. The production method, or a combination of methods and processes, is called technology. The production function is a technical relationship between the output and the inputs under a specified set of conditions. More complex functions relate many different forms of output to several variables. The inputs may be classified as being either fixed or variable, depending on the circumstances. Those inputs that may be varied are usually called variable inputs, while those whose quantities are invariant are referred to as fixed inputs. Production theory is discussed in terms of either the short run or the long run. These “runs” do not necessarily imply different lengths of time, but rather the circumstances surrounding production.

Theory of production

This chapter focuses on general equilibrium and welfare economics. The traditional definition of economics usually involves the “efficient allocation of resources.” This allocation process is carried out through decisions concerning production and consumption. The efficiency propositions concerning consumption in a general equilibrium context are similar to those of the Pareto criteria for efficiency in production. A consumption point along a production frontier is considered efficient if moving to another point makes at least one person better off, without making another worse off. All points along a production frontier are efficient as far as production is concerned, but not all points are efficient from the point of view of utility to consumers. To analyze the implications of efficiency in consumption, the chapter uses the Edgeworth-Bowley diagram. Welfare economics deals with the optimal allocation of resources in an economic society using a set of propositions suggested for the maximization of societal utility or welfare. As a society consists of many individuals, and usually no two are alike, it is very difficult to arrive at a societal utility function.

General equilibrium and welfare economics

This chapter focuses on the theory of costs. In general, cost is the sacrifice necessary to obtain certain benefits. Thus, the cost of production represents the value of inputs used, and the opportunity cost of foregone alternatives in the production of the output. There are many types of costs in addition to production costs. For example, one may encounter cost of information, cost of transaction, acquisition cost, and cost of operation. There are also private, as opposed to social, costs. The chapter focuses on production costs. Those costs that vary with the volume of output are called variable costs. Those costs that remain constant at all levels of output are called fixed costs. All the costs that have already been “sunk” into a project and are normally not recoverable or changeable, are called sunk costs. For example, when a bridge is partially complete, all the costs associated with labor, raw materials, and capital equipment time, and certain overhead costs, are already sunk and cannot be recovered.

Theory of costs

Publisher Summary
This chapter focuses on revenue analysis. Total revenue, or simply revenue, is the amount of sales receipts obtained from the buyers. This figure is obtained by multiplying the price of the product by the quantity of units of the product purchased at that price. Thus, total revenue (TR), or simply revenue (R), is the product of price (P) and quantity (Q), or TR = P × Q. Marginal revenue is the change in revenue associated with the change in the sale of 1 unit. For example, if the total revenue of 20 units is $200 and that of 21 units is $210, the marginal revenue of the 21st unit is $10. From a graphical standpoint, the marginal revenue is the value of the tangent drawn to the total revenue function—that is, the value of the slope of the total revenue function indicates the value of the marginal revenue. Total revenue changes when the price is altered because the quantity demanded is inversely related to the price.

Chapter Five – REVENUE ANALYSIS

All resources are generally called the factors of production. There are four broad categories of resources: (1) land, (2) labor, (3) capital, and (4) entrepreneur. All raw materials or, essentially, all resources that are in fixed supply are usually called land resources. Thus, lumber is a land resource, just as are water, iron ore, and land itself. The resource which supplies human productive effort is called a labor resource. There are different qualities of labor resources. Capital resources include all the producer's goods, plant, equipment, and invested capital that are necessary to produce the final product or output. There is a distinction between physical and monetary capital. Each type of capital has its own market. The marginal revenue product of a resource is the change in total revenue associated with a one-unit change in the number of units of the resource employed by a firm, with all other factors remaining equal. The profit-maximizing firm's input-purchase decisions are guided by the marginal revenue product and the marginal resource cost.

Aroop K. Mahanty

Papers

Theory of production

General equilibrium and welfare economics

Theory of costs

Chapter Five – REVENUE ANALYSIS

The market for resources