Åshild Krogdahl

Bio: Åshild Krogdahl is an academic researcher from Norwegian University of Life Sciences. The author has contributed to research in topics: Fish meal & Soybean meal. The author has an hindex of 59, co-authored 168 publications receiving 13350 citations. Previous affiliations of Åshild Krogdahl include National Veterinary Institute & Norwegian College of Fishery Science.

Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review

Abstract: Continued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuis considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuis are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively aiect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuis is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuis and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuis in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuis and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.

Effects of graded levels of standard soybean meal on intestinal structure, mucosal enzyme activities, and pancreatic response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Abstract: Duplicate tanks of c.280 g Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed for 60 days on diets in which fishmeal was substituted with graded levels of extracted soybean meal (SBM) comprising 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 35% of total protein. The effects on feed intake, growth, feed conversion, apparent digestibility and utilization of macronutrients and energy, pathohistological response of the distal intestine (DI), activities of digestive enzymes in the mid and distal intestinal mucosa, and faecal trypsin and plasma insulin concentrations were studied. A negative, dose-dependent effect of SBM was observed on nearly all performance parameters with a notable exception of feed intake. The lowest SBM inclusion level of 10% resulted in moderate pathohistological changes in the DI. Each subsequent increase in SBM level increased the number of fish displaying severe changes. In contrast to the mid-intestine (MI), all enzyme activities in the distal intestinal mucosa decreased dose-dependently with increasing SBM inclusion. Faecal trypsin increased up to an SBM inclusion level of 20% and then levelled off. Plasma insulin increased from 0% to 15% SBM inclusion and then decreased. The results suggest that caution should be exercised in the use of even low levels of extracted SBM in salmon feeds.

Development and regression of soybean meal induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distal intestine: a comparison with the intestines of fasted fish

Abstract: The development of a pathological condition in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., induced by dietary soybean meal, was studied in a 6-week feeding experiment. The fully developed condition, as observed after 3 weeks on the experimental diets, was characterized by: (1) a shortening of heights of the mucosal foldings; (2) a loss of the normal supranuclear vacuolization of the absorptive cells in the intestinal epithelium; (3) a widening of the central stroma within the mucosal foldings, with increased amounts of connective tissue; and (4) a profound infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The first signs of morphological changes were observed after 2 days on a diet containing a solvent extracted soybean meal, and within 7 days, all the above mentioned signs were observed. When the fish were subsequently transferred to a control diet, the mucosal folds were rebuilt from the base, resulting in an apparently functional epithelium after 3 weeks. Starved fish also exhibited characteristic changes of the mucosa, including a finely granular cytoplasm replacing the supranuclear vacuoles seen in the epithelial cells of normal fish. In addition, a pattern of irregularly spaced indentations developed in the epithelium of the simple folds. The condition induced by dietary soybean meal was classified as a no n-infectious subacute enteritis, and a pathogenesis involving immunological mechanisms is suggested.

Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages

Abstract: This review summarizes information regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in cultivated fish Relevant results of studies of digestive enzymes, eg amylase, chitinase, cellulase and brush border disaccharidases are presented Fish amylases appear to be molecularly closely related and to have characteristics comparable to mammalian amylases Whether chitinases and cellulases are endogenous enzymes of some fish species is still a matter of speculation, although recent molecular evidence, at least for chitinase seems to settle the issue in favour of endogenous sources Feed and intestinal microbes may be the source of polysaccharidases in fish feeding on nutrients-containing non-starch polysaccharides Knowledge regarding monosaccharide transport in fish intestine as interpreted from studies of brush border membrane vesicles, everted sleeves of fish intestinal sections and molecular biology is discussed Glucose transporters of the intestinal brush border show characteristics similar to those found in mammals A tabulatory presentation of experimental details and results reported in the literature regarding starch digestibility is included as a basis for discussion Although numerous investigations on digestion of starch and other carbohydrates in fish have been published, the existing information is highly fragmentary As yet, it is impossible to derive a cohesive picture on the integrated process of carbohydrate hydrolysis and absorption and interaction with diet composition for any of the fish species under cultivation The physiological mechanisms behind the species differences are not known

Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids

Abstract: Thisreviewpresentsanoverviewofantinutritivefac-tors (ANFs) relevant for ¢sh nutrition.The sources ofANFs and the possibilities of reducing the impact ofANFs are brie£y mentioned. Proteinase inhibitors,lectins, saponins and oligosaccharides are given amore thorough presentation regarding mechanismsofactionandthestateof knowledgeregardingeiectson gut function in ¢sh and upper safe dietary levels.Thereafter, selected results from recent works ad-dressing the involvement of T cells and proteinase-activated receptors in soybean-induced enteritis aresummarized. Our conclusions are as follows: we areonlybeginning tounderstandeiects of ANFs in ¢sh;strengthening of the knowledge base is urgentlyneeded to understand the eiects and to ¢nd themeans to overcome or modify these eiects; interac-tions between the eiects of ANFs appear to be veryimportant; the microbiota may modify the eiects ofANFs; not only salmonids are aiected; not only soy-beans contain ANFs of biological importance in ¢sh;andwithincreasedknowledge,wecandevelopbetterdiets for optimal nutrition, health and economy inaquaculture.Keywords: ¢sh,antinutrients,digestivephysiology,immunology,guthealthIntroductionNature has equipped many plants with the ability tosynthesize avarietyof chemical substances withtheapparentfunctionofprotectingthemfrombecomingfood for microbes, insects and higher animals. Con-sequently, many of these compounds may exertharmful eiects when ingested by humans and ani-mals. Such substances are often called antinutritivefactors (ANFs), although they may also have bene¢-cial eiects, such as being antioxidative, immunosti-mulatory or prebiotic, depending on the amountingested.Possibleharmfuleiectsincludereducedpa-latability,lesse⁄cientutilizationoffeednutrientsforgrowth,alterednutrientbalancesofthediets,inhibi-tion of growth, intestinal dysfunction, altered gutmicro£ora, immune modulation, goitrogenesis, pan-creatic hypertrophy, hypoglycaemia or liver damage.The species of animal, its age, size, gender, state ofhealth and plane of nutrition and any stress factorsmaymodifytheseresponses.Inhistextbookontoxicconstituentsofplantfoods,Liener (1980) wrote the following:‘What has only re-cently been realized is that althoughthere might notbe an immediate violent reaction to a certain foodcomponentthere might still beaslowcumulativead-verse eiect resulting in overt disease or less thanop-timal health. This poses a great challenge, sinceknowledge of these eiects is gained slowlyand withdi⁄culty, particularly if the causative principles re-main unidenti¢ed’. Liener’s statement is still validand relevant. During the last10^15 years, inclusionofplantfeedstuisin¢shfeedhasincreasedmarkedlyand consequently so has exposure toANFs. Antinu-tritivefactorsarenoveltomostcultivated¢shspecies,particularly carnivorous species. Fish nutritionistsshould keep in mind Liener’s warning that ‘there

Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective : 食物、栄養、身体活動とがんの予防 : 世界的展望(後篇)

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Metabolism and Functions of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Teleost Fish

Abstract: Lipids and their constituent fatty acids are, along with proteins, the major organic constituents of fish, and they play major roles as sources of metabolic energy for growth including reproduction and movement, including migration. Furthermore, the fatty acids of fish lipids are rich in ω3 long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) that have particularly important roles in animal nutrition, including fish and human nutrition, reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. Indeed, fish are the most important food source of these vital nutrients for man. Thus, the longstanding interest in fish lipids stems from their abundance and their uniqueness. This review attempts to summarize our present state of knowledge of various aspects of the basic biochemistry, metabolism, and functions of fatty acids, and the lipids they constitute part of, in fish, seeking where possible to relate that understanding as much to fish in their natural environment as to farmed fish. In doing so, it highli...

Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review

Abstract: Continued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuis considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuis are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively aiect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuis is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuis and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuis in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuis and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.