Ashish Singh

Bio: Ashish Singh is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. The author has contributed to research in topics: Inequality & Caste. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 54 publications receiving 681 citations. Previous affiliations of Ashish Singh include Indian Institutes of Technology & Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.

In silico analysis of FLP 18 gene of Anguina tritici and phylogenetic analysis with other nematodes

Abstract: flp 18is a neuropeptide coding gene of FMRFamide-like peptides family having important role in behavioural regulation such as locomotory, feeding and reproduction of nematodes. Genome annotation of the newly sequenced genome of seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) has revealed the presence of flp 18 in their genome. flp 18 gene has been proven as effective target for management of Meloidogyne incognita. In view of importance of this gene here we analyse the significance of flp 18 gene in A. tritici in different nematode species through the In silico approach. Homologus nucleotide sequences in other nematode species for the gene flp 18 were obtained on performing nucleotide BLAST in WormBase Parasite database. Multiple sequence alignment, identity and phylogenetic analysis were performed on the retrived homologus sequences using CLUSTAL W programme. The BLAST result revealed the presence of flp 18 hits in different groups of plant parasitic nematodes with best hit (76) to Ditylenchus dipsaci. Based on the finding it has been suggested that the flp 18 of A. tritici is conserved with identical homologs, and might have functional similarity among different nematodes species.

Study of Phasic Development and Growth Attributes of Rice Cultivars at Variable Weather Condition

Abstract: Rice yields have been increasing since the 1960s, but since the 1990s, growth in rice production has been slower than population growth Indeed, it is anticipated that rice production will need to increase by 30% by 2025 in order to sustain those who need it for sustenance. However, climate change, especially access to water, soil erosion and other problems threaten rice yields. The impact of air temperature on rice growth would be specific because of the different sensitivity of different locations with regard to temperature. In tropical regions, the temperature increase due to the climate change is probably near or above the optimum temperature range for the physiological activities of rice (Baker et al., 1992). Such warming will thus reduce rice growth. In addition, higher temperatures will cause spikelet sterility owing to heat injury during panicle emergence. In temperate regions, increased air temperatures should hasten rice development, thereby shortening the time from transplanting (or direct seeding) to harvesting and reducing the total time for photosynthesis yield development (Neue and Sass, 1994). Rice is very sensitive to higher temperature during reproductive stage especially flowering and anthesis. It is necessary to identify genetic donors for heat stress from high temperature rice growing environments. Temperature stress affects at International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) pp. 1610-1619 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Corporate Tax Avoidance and Evasion and Its Effect on Development; Forms of Corporate Tax Avoidance, What Has Been Done, to What Effect, Why so Little Has Been Done and What Can be Done?

Abstract: Corporate tax avoidance and evasion has attracted a great deal of attention in the recent times in the academic, policy as well as civil society circles. As a result, a lot of national and regional level declarations, commissions and committees have been set up in different parts of the world. A few of them are: declaration of G8 countries on June 18, 2013 (CTJ, 2013); report on ‘Fight against Tax Fraud, Tax Evasion and Tax Havens’ of Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs of European Parliament (CEMA, 2013); European Commission (Fairless, 2013); Congressional Research Service report (US) on Abstract: We try to understand the genesis and evolution of corporate tax avoidance and evasion; why corporate tax avoidance and evasion have come under the political and public spotlight as well as to the forefront of the debate around international corporation tax system in the recent past; and how corporate tax avoidance and evasion are impacting the lives of people in developed and the developing countries. Also, we review the strategies adopted by the corporations for corporate tax avoidance and evasion and try to get some idea about the magnitude of corporate tax avoidance associated with each strategy. Further, we present a critical and comprehensive review of the strategies that have been suggested in the existing literature; the actual steps taken by the countries and international bodies to curtail corporate tax avoidance and evasion; the loopholes/limitations/problems in the steps taken to address corporate tax avoidance and evasion; and how the suggested measures/initiatives (actual measures/initiatives) can help (have helped) in curtailing corporate tax avoidance and evasion. Moreover, we analyze why so little has been done to curtail corporate tax avoidance and try to explain the reasons using – political economy (both at the level of interest of group of countries as well as interest of individual countries); and the concepts of regulatory and cognitive capture. Based on a detailed review of the – strategies of the MNCs to avoid and evade taxes; the steps already taken by countries and international bodies, the loopholes/limitations/problems in these steps, and the outcome of these steps – we finally document a set of suggestions for curtailing corporate tax avoidance and evasion.

The Changing Structure of Inequality in India, 1993-2010: What Contributes and How Much?

Abstract: We use consumption expenditure data from the 1993-94 and 2009-10 rounds of NSS and decompose the overall inequality in total consumption expenditure by different sources (food, education, health, durables and other items); obtain the inequality contribution from each source; estimate the marginal effect of each source on the overall inequality; and investigate the changes in the obtained estimates during 1993-2010. Our findings indicate that the inequalities in expenditures on education, health and durable goods are very high, with the expenditure on durable goods being the most unequally divided in India. Also, the inequality contribution of expenditures on education, health, durable goods as well as other items in the Indian society has increased substantially during 1993-2010, whereas, the inequality contribution of food expenditure has decreased. Further, expenditure on food items has an equalising effect on the distribution of total consumption expenditure but the expenditure on education, health, durable goods and other items have a non-equalising effect in India. Moreover, the equalising effect of food expenditure and the non-equalising effect of educational expenditure have increased in rural areas whereas the non-equalising effects of expenditures on health and durables have increased in both rural and urban areas.

The United Nations Children's Fund

Abstract: The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.

Neonatal Resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations

Abstract: Note From the Writing Group: Throughout this article, the reader will notice combinations of superscripted letters and numbers (eg, “Peripartum SuctioningNRP-011A, NRP-012A”). These callouts are hyperlinked to evidence-basedworksheets, whichwere used in the development of this article. An appendix of worksheets, applicable to this article, is located at the end of the text. The worksheets are available in PDF format and are open access.

Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

Abstract: The following guidelines are a summary of the evidence presented in the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmo nary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).1,2 Throughout the online version of this publication, live links are provided so the reader can connect directly to systematic reviews on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Scientific Evidence Evaluation and Review System (SEERS) website. These links are indicated by a combination of letters and numbers (eg, NRP 787). We encourage readers to use the links and review the evidence and appendices. These guidelines apply primarily to newly born infants transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. The recommendations are also applicable to neonates who have completed newborn transition and require resuscitation during the first weeks after birth.3 Practitioners who resuscitate infants at birth or at any time during the initial hospitalization should consider following these guidelines. For purposes of these guidelines, the terms newborn and neonate apply to any infant during the initial hospitalization. The term newly born applies specifically to an infant at the time of birth.3 Immediately after birth, infants who are breathing and crying may undergo delayed cord clamping (see Umbilical Cord Management section). However, until more evidence is available, infants who are not breathing or crying should have the cord clamped (unless part of a delayed cord clamping research protocol), so that resuscitation measures can commence promptly. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth. Less than 1% require extensive resuscitation measures,4 such as cardiac compressions and medications. Although most newly born infants successfully transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life without special help, because of the large total number of births, a significant number will require some degree of resuscitation.3 Newly born infants who do not …

Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations

Abstract: ### Newborn Transition The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life that occurs at the time of birth requires timely anatomic and physiologic adjustments to achieve the conversion from placental gas exchange to pulmonary respiration. This transition is brought about by initiation of air breathing and cessation of the placental circulation. Air breathing initiates marked relaxation of pulmonary vascular resistance, with considerable increase in pulmonary blood flow and increased return of now-well-oxygenated blood to the left atrium and left ventricle, as well as increased left ventricular output. Removal of the low-resistance placental circuit will increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure and reduce right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus. The systemic organs must equally and quickly adjust to the dramatic increase in blood pressure and oxygen exposure. Similarly, intrauterine thermostability must be replaced by neonatal thermoregulation with its inherent increase in oxygen consumption. Approximately 85% of babies born at term will initiate spontaneous respirations within 10 to 30 seconds of birth, an additional 10% will respond during drying and stimulation, approximately 3% will initiate respirations after positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), 2% will be intubated to support respiratory function, and 0.1% will require chest compressions and/or epinephrine to achieve this transition.1–3 Although the vast majority of newborn infants do not require intervention to make these transitional changes, the large number of births worldwide means that many infants require some assistance to achieve cardiorespiratory stability each year. Newly born infants who are breathing or crying and have good tone immediately after birth must be dried and kept warm so as to avoid hypothermia. These actions can be provided with the baby lying on the mother’s chest and should not require separation of mother and baby. This does not preclude the need for clinical assessment of the baby. …