The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.

The United Nations Children's Fund

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015

Note From the Writing Group: Throughout this article, the reader will notice combinations of superscripted letters and numbers (eg, “Peripartum SuctioningNRP-011A, NRP-012A”). These callouts are hyperlinked to evidence-basedworksheets, whichwere used in the development of this article. An appendix of worksheets, applicable to this article, is located at the end of the text. The worksheets are available in PDF format and are open access.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2010/10/18/peds.2010-2972B.full.pdf

Neonatal Resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations

The following guidelines are a summary of the evidence presented in the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmo nary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).1,2 Throughout the online version of this publication, live links are provided so the reader can connect directly to systematic reviews on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Scientific Evidence Evaluation and Review System (SEERS) website. These links are indicated by a combination of letters and numbers (eg, NRP 787). We encourage readers to use the links and review the evidence and appendices.

These guidelines apply primarily to newly born infants transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. The recommendations are also applicable to neonates who have completed newborn transition and require resuscitation during the first weeks after birth.3 Practitioners who resuscitate infants at birth or at any time during the initial hospitalization should consider following these guidelines. For purposes of these guidelines, the terms newborn and neonate apply to any infant during the initial hospitalization. The term newly born applies specifically to an infant at the time of birth.3

Immediately after birth, infants who are breathing and crying may undergo delayed cord clamping (see Umbilical Cord Management section). However, until more evidence is available, infants who are not breathing or crying should have the cord clamped (unless part of a delayed cord clamping research protocol), so that resuscitation measures can commence promptly.

Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth. Less than 1% require extensive resuscitation measures,4 such as cardiac compressions and medications. Although most newly born infants successfully transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life without special help, because of the large total number of births, a significant number will require some degree of resuscitation.3

Newly born infants who do not …

/pdf/part-13-neonatal-resuscitation-2015-american-heart-2jpd095f80.pdf

Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

### Newborn Transition

The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life that occurs at the time of birth requires timely anatomic and physiologic adjustments to achieve the conversion from placental gas exchange to pulmonary respiration. This transition is brought about by initiation of air breathing and cessation of the placental circulation. Air breathing initiates marked relaxation of pulmonary vascular resistance, with considerable increase in pulmonary blood flow and increased return of now-well-oxygenated blood to the left atrium and left ventricle, as well as increased left ventricular output. Removal of the low-resistance placental circuit will increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure and reduce right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus. The systemic organs must equally and quickly adjust to the dramatic increase in blood pressure and oxygen exposure. Similarly, intrauterine thermostability must be replaced by neonatal thermoregulation with its inherent increase in oxygen consumption.

Approximately 85% of babies born at term will initiate spontaneous respirations within 10 to 30 seconds of birth, an additional 10% will respond during drying and stimulation, approximately 3% will initiate respirations after positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), 2% will be intubated to support respiratory function, and 0.1% will require chest compressions and/or epinephrine to achieve this transition.1–3 Although the vast majority of newborn infants do not require intervention to make these transitional changes, the large number of births worldwide means that many infants require some assistance to achieve cardiorespiratory stability each year.

Newly born infants who are breathing or crying and have good tone immediately after birth must be dried and kept warm so as to avoid hypothermia. These actions can be provided with the baby lying on the mother’s chest and should not require separation of mother and baby. This does not preclude the need for clinical assessment of the baby. …

/pdf/part-7-neonatal-resuscitation-2015-international-consensus-594r6zsl16.pdf

Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations

Nearly 200m people in the world experience considerable functioning difficulties. Also, more than three-fourth of the population aged 50 years and over is suffering from some kind of disability in India, China, Ghana, Russia, Mexico and South Africa. Despite the compelling nature of this issue, evidence on socioeconomic disparity in the occurrence of disability is lacking throughout the world and particularly in the aforementioned countries. The purpose of this paper is twofold – first, to examine the socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of disability in the selected countries; and second, to investigate the cross-country differentials in the prevalence of disability by socioeconomic characteristics.,The authors use data from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa during 2007–2010. Disability scores have been constructed using Item Response Theory Partial Credit Model based on eight health and functioning domains. Bivariate analysis, concentration curves, concentration indices and multivariate regressions have been used in the analysis presented in this paper.,The authors find that the prevalence of disability varied considerably across sociodemographic groups. Moreover, this variation is not uniform across all countries. Also, age, Sex, work status, years of schooling and economic status emerged out as significant predictors of disability among the studied countries.,This is perhaps the first study which examines the socioeconomic inequality in disability conceptualized in a comprehensive manner among older adults spread across low to upper middle income countries. The alarming level of prevalence of disability among sociodemographic disadvantage groups calls for immediate attention in terms of detailed study of risk factors, effective policy and timely intervention.

Socio-economic disparity in the occurrence of disability among older adults in six low and middle income countries

Using data from nationally representative employment and unemployment surveys, this article examines the inclusiveness of Indian economic growth by looking at the changes in socio-economic inequalities in regular employment over the period 1993–1994 to 2009–2010. Our findings reveal that, at the all India level, socio-economic inequalities in regular employment increased minutely during 1993–1994 to 2009–2010. However, the changes at the regional level are mixed. Regions of the North, Central and East show a decrease against an increase in Western and North Eastern regions. In the Southern region, the socio-economic inequalities in regular employment have remained almost same. A partir de donnees issues d’enquetes representatives a l’echelle nationale sur l’emploi et le chomage, cet article cherche a evaluer dans quelle mesure la croissance economique de l’Inde est inclusive en examinant l’evolution des inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier pendant la periode 1993–1994 a 2009–2010. Nos resultats montrent que, au niveau national, les inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier ont tres peu evolue au cours de la periode en question. Cependant, la situation varie d’une region a l’autre. On constate en effet une reduction des inegalites dans les regions du nord, du centre et de l’est alors qu’elles ont augmente dans les regions de l’ouest et du nord-est. Dans la region du sud, les inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier n’ont quasiment pas evolue.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fejdr.2013.17.pdf

How Inclusive Has Regular Employment Been in India? A Dynamic View

1 Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Allahabad-211007 (U.P.), India 2 Department of Environmental Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak-484887(MP), India 3 ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner-334006 (Rajasthan), India 4 Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak-484887(MP), India *Corresponding author

/pdf/effect-of-npk-on-plant-growth-yield-and-quality-of-capsicum-59lyz40zov.pdf

Effect of NPK on Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) c.v. Swarna Under Shade Net Condition

The paper analyses the relationship between net farm income per unit of land cultivated and caste divisions in India using a micro unit recorded nationally representative household survey conducted in 2004-05. Findings suggest that the groups that are generally considered disadvantaged (“Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes”) have, after controlling for other factors, substantially lower farm returns compared to the advantaged (“Others”) castes, whereas the “Other Backward Classes” occupy position in between. Decomposition of overall net farm income inequality using mean-log deviation indicates that the caste based inequality forms a substantial part of the overall net farm income inequality. Results call for policies for neutralizing the impact of caste on agricultural returns in addition to the general policy of land redistribution.

/pdf/farm-income-inequality-and-the-role-of-caste-new-evidence-24ztqyx2d5.pdf

Farm income inequality and the role of caste: new evidence from India

Inequality of opportunity (IOp) in any society is defined as that part of overall inequality which arises from factors beyond the control of an individual (circumstances) such as parental education, caste, gender, religion etc. and is thus considered unfair and is against the meritocratic values of a society. Hence, it needs to be controlled and compensated. We estimate the IOp in economic outcomes among Indian women by using the nationally representative India Human Development Survey 2011–2012. We include parental education, caste, religion and region of birth as circumstances. The overall IOp in income ranges from 18–25% and 16–21% (of total income inequality) in urban and rural areas, respectively. The corresponding figures for consumption expenditure are 16–22% and 20–23% in urban and rural areas, respectively. We also estimate the partial contributions of the circumstances to the overall IOp. We find that the parental education is the most significant contributor to IOp in urban areas, whereas, region of birth is the most significant contributor to IOp in rural areas. Fortunately, findings imply that socially and culturally imbedded factors like caste and religion which are more persistent do contribute to the IOp, but, the largest contribution is due to factors like parental education and region which can be relatively easily tackled and addressed with policy interventions.

Ashish Singh

Papers

Socio-economic disparity in the occurrence of disability among older adults in six low and middle income countries

How Inclusive Has Regular Employment Been in India? A Dynamic View

Effect of NPK on Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) c.v. Swarna Under Shade Net Condition

Farm income inequality and the role of caste: new evidence from India

Inequality of Opportunity in Indian Women