Ashish Singh

Bio: Ashish Singh is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. The author has contributed to research in topics: Inequality & Caste. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 54 publications receiving 681 citations. Previous affiliations of Ashish Singh include Indian Institutes of Technology & Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.

Measuring inequality of poverty: theory and an application to India

Abstract: The commonly used poverty indices measure the overall level of poverty in a society but fail to capture the differential intensity across different socioeconomic groups. This paper proposes a new measure, Inequality of Poverty Index (similar to dissimilarity index in the literature on inequality of opportunity) which captures inequality in distribution of poverty across different subgroups. It can be used to determine the major socioeconomic factors/characteristics/circumstances causing between-group disparity in poverty and effect of a specific factor on poverty relative to other factors and time. The paper also provides an application of the index and potential policy implications.

Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women.

Abstract: This study aims to analyse the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility and the overall health of the Indian women. It uses a nationally representative survey, India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2011-12, and logistic regressions to study this relationship. The sample comprises of women aged 45 years and older. We find that the women experiencing upward intergenerational educational mobility (vis-a-vis their mothers) have significantly higher chances of experiencing good overall health compared to the women who are having same or lesser level of education as that of their mothers. Besides, women suffering from short term or major morbidity have remarkably lower chances of having overall good health. Also, women from rural India have significantly lesser chances of having overall good health as compared to that of urban areas. Further, Muslim women have lesser chances of having overall good health as that of women from other religious categories. Moreover, there is a significant variation in the overall health of women as we move from the eastern region to the western region of India.

Examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among Indian women

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population. Design/methodology/approach The study uses transition/mobility matrices and multiple mobility measures for examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among young females in India by using the data from the “India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs” from the year 2006 to 2007. Findings The study finds that intergenerational occupational mobility among the young women in India is about 71 percent, but surprisingly it is predominantly downwards. The urban areas have higher occupational mobility than the rural areas. However, upward intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among the young SC/ST women compared to the young women belonging to the “Others” caste category. Moreover, upward mobility in the economically and demographically poorer states is much lower than that of other states. Originality/value The present study is the only study which examines how women perform vis-a-vis their mothers in terms of occupational attainment in the Indian context.

Trends in Inequality in Food Consumption and Calorie Intake in India: Evidence from the Last Three Decades, 1983–2012

Abstract: This study estimates inequality in Food consumption and Calorie intake for India and its fifteen major states for the period 1983–2012. Data for the study are drawn from the nationally representative Consumer Expenditure Surveys of India from 1983 to 2012. Inequality measures such as Gini Index (GI) and Economic Disparity Ratios are computed for per capita monthly food consumption expenditure (MPFCE) and per capita daily calorie intake. The study reveals an increase in the GI of MPFCE in both rural and urban areas within the period 1993–2012. This suggests the non-inclusiveness of the post economic reforms in India. Further, the findings show a decrease in the GI of calorie intake in both rural and urban areas within the same period. Comparatively, the inter-state GI in MPFCE has increased in rural and urban areas, while the inter-state inequality in Calorie intake decreased in both rural and urban areas within the period of study. Some policy implications of this study include: governmental focus on improving, overhauling, and increasing the efficiency of the existing Public Distribution System. Also, the effective implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013 to provide subsidized food grains for two thirds of India’s population and Mid-Day Meal Scheme for school children.

Gender Based Intra-Household Inequality of Opportunity in Academic Skills Among Indian Children

Abstract: Using households with a pair of male-female siblings (aged 8-11 years) from a nationally representative survey, the paper estimates gender based intra-household inequality of opportunity in academic skills by comparing test scores of the siblings in reading and mathematics skills within each household. The study finds substantial level of gender based intra-household inequality in both the skills. The paper also estimates household fixed-effects models for reading and mathematics skills, and finds significant difference between male and female children with female children at a disadvantaged position. Further support for gender differential (bias against female children) is provided by the analysis of the expenses incurred by households on the education of their children, which shows that the educational expenditure on female children is substantially lower than that on male children.

The United Nations Children's Fund

Abstract: The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.

Neonatal Resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations

Abstract: Note From the Writing Group: Throughout this article, the reader will notice combinations of superscripted letters and numbers (eg, “Peripartum SuctioningNRP-011A, NRP-012A”). These callouts are hyperlinked to evidence-basedworksheets, whichwere used in the development of this article. An appendix of worksheets, applicable to this article, is located at the end of the text. The worksheets are available in PDF format and are open access.

Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

Abstract: The following guidelines are a summary of the evidence presented in the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmo nary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).1,2 Throughout the online version of this publication, live links are provided so the reader can connect directly to systematic reviews on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Scientific Evidence Evaluation and Review System (SEERS) website. These links are indicated by a combination of letters and numbers (eg, NRP 787). We encourage readers to use the links and review the evidence and appendices. These guidelines apply primarily to newly born infants transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. The recommendations are also applicable to neonates who have completed newborn transition and require resuscitation during the first weeks after birth.3 Practitioners who resuscitate infants at birth or at any time during the initial hospitalization should consider following these guidelines. For purposes of these guidelines, the terms newborn and neonate apply to any infant during the initial hospitalization. The term newly born applies specifically to an infant at the time of birth.3 Immediately after birth, infants who are breathing and crying may undergo delayed cord clamping (see Umbilical Cord Management section). However, until more evidence is available, infants who are not breathing or crying should have the cord clamped (unless part of a delayed cord clamping research protocol), so that resuscitation measures can commence promptly. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth. Less than 1% require extensive resuscitation measures,4 such as cardiac compressions and medications. Although most newly born infants successfully transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life without special help, because of the large total number of births, a significant number will require some degree of resuscitation.3 Newly born infants who do not …

Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations

Abstract: ### Newborn Transition The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life that occurs at the time of birth requires timely anatomic and physiologic adjustments to achieve the conversion from placental gas exchange to pulmonary respiration. This transition is brought about by initiation of air breathing and cessation of the placental circulation. Air breathing initiates marked relaxation of pulmonary vascular resistance, with considerable increase in pulmonary blood flow and increased return of now-well-oxygenated blood to the left atrium and left ventricle, as well as increased left ventricular output. Removal of the low-resistance placental circuit will increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure and reduce right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus. The systemic organs must equally and quickly adjust to the dramatic increase in blood pressure and oxygen exposure. Similarly, intrauterine thermostability must be replaced by neonatal thermoregulation with its inherent increase in oxygen consumption. Approximately 85% of babies born at term will initiate spontaneous respirations within 10 to 30 seconds of birth, an additional 10% will respond during drying and stimulation, approximately 3% will initiate respirations after positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), 2% will be intubated to support respiratory function, and 0.1% will require chest compressions and/or epinephrine to achieve this transition.1–3 Although the vast majority of newborn infants do not require intervention to make these transitional changes, the large number of births worldwide means that many infants require some assistance to achieve cardiorespiratory stability each year. Newly born infants who are breathing or crying and have good tone immediately after birth must be dried and kept warm so as to avoid hypothermia. These actions can be provided with the baby lying on the mother’s chest and should not require separation of mother and baby. This does not preclude the need for clinical assessment of the baby. …