Upper respiratory infection (URI) in developing countries causes high morbidity among toddlers. Indonesia Health Ministry reported that non-pneumonia acute respiratory infection (ARI) increased by 2.6% from 2007 to 2011. Risk factors which may contribute to URI include environment and behavior. This study aimed to investigate environmental and behavioral factors with URI among toddlers. This case control study was conducted on February – April 2015 among toddlers in Tamansari that is a slum area in Bandung City. Case was 55 mothers with toddlers suffering from URI who came to primary health care, meanwhile control was twice bigger than cases selected from the environment and matched for age, sex and nutritional status. Environmental factors were density, humidity, ventilation, temperature and smoke disposal. Meanwhile, behavioral factors were hand-washing, mother’s smoking behavior, the use of mask, vitamin A consumption and exclusive breastfeeding. Results of study showed that environmental factor related to URI was only density with p value = 0.021 and OR = 2.843 (CI 95% = 1.168 – 6.920). None of maternal behavior factor was related to URI. Reducing density is an important and challenging issue in slum area, same as similary health promotion and prevention concerning URI are still necessary to reduce the risk of this disease among toddlers in urban slum area. Abstrak Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut atas (ISPA atas) di negara berkembang menyebabkan morbiditas tinggi pada anak bawah usia lima tahun (balita). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia melaporkan bahwa ISPAnonpneumonia meningkat 2,6% dari tahun 2007 ke 2011. Faktor risiko yang dapat berkontribusi termasuk lingkungan dan perilaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki faktor perilaku dan lingkungan dengan ISPA atas pada balita. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan dari Februari-April 2015 pada balita di Tamansari yang merupakan daerah kumuh di Kota Bandung. Kasus adalah 55 ibu dengan balita menderita ISPA atas yang datang ke puskesmas, sedangkan kontrol dua kali lebih besar dari kasus dipilih dari lingkungan dan cocok untuk usia, jenis kelamin, dan status gizi. Faktor lingkungan adalah kepadatan, kelembaban, ventilasi, suhu, dan pembuangan asap. Sedangkan perilaku adalah mencuci tangan, perilaku merokok ibu, pemakaian masker, konsumsi vitamin Adan ASI eksklusif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan ISPA atas hanya kepadatan dengan nilai p = 0,021 dan OR = 2,843 (CI 95%: 1,168 – 6,920). Tidak terdapat faktor perilaku ibu yang berhubungan dengan ISPA atas. Pengurangan kepadatan merupakan masalah penting dan menantang di daerah kumuh, sama halnya dengan promosi kesehatan dan pencegahan tentang ISPA atas masih penting untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit ini pada balita di daerah kumuh perkotaan.

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Influence of Household Environment and Maternal Behaviors to Upper Respiratory Infection among Toddlers

Physical sanitation of the house and parent’s behavior are the factors that could affect the incidence of ARI in children under five. The aim of this research was to analyze what factors of house physical sanitation that affect the occurrence of ARI among children under five in East Kalianget Village. This research was an observational research, with cross sectional design. The samples in this research were 60 children under fives randomly chosen through simple random sampling. Data collection was done through interview, observation, thermohygrometer, roll meter, lux meter, and EPAM 5000. Data was analyzed using chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed that children under five’s bedroom density (p=0.241) was affecting the occurrence of ARI among children under five, meanwhile ventilation area (p=0.241), air temperature (p=0.948), humidity (p=0.830), and lighting (0.393) were not affecting the occurrence of ARI among children under five. Communities of East Kalianget Village that have unsuitable occupancy density are suggested to reset the number of their bedroom’s occupants, for example maybe a father sleeping in the living room to prevent the occurrence of ARI among children under five .

https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/download/5955/6718

Physical Sanitation of the House that Influence the Incidence of ARI in Children under Five in Kalianget Timur Village

ISPA dapat menyerang jaringan alveoli yang berada di paru-paru dan mempunyai gejala seperti batuk, sesak napas, dan ISPA dikategorikan penyakit infeksi akut. Bronkhus yang mengalami infeksi akut bersamaan dengan proses terjadinya ISPA yang disebut bronchopneumonia. ISPA sering dikaitkan dengan kegagalan fungsi organ seperti terjadinya edema paru, hipoksemia arteri, dan ekskresi karbon dioksida terganggu.  Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan faktor penyebab ISPA. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis melalui uji univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa faktor suhu dan kelembapan udara memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian ISPA sementara faktor pencahayaan tidak ada hubungan dengan kejadian ISPA.

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Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian ispa pada anak usia dibawah lima tahun di puskesmas lebakwangi kecamatan cigudeg kabupaten bogor

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is one of health problems that exist in developing and developed countries, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in toddlers The existence of ARI is influenced by environmental conditions, the availability and effectiveness of health care and preventive measures to prevent the spread of infection, host factor (such as age, smoking habits, ability infectious host, immunity status, nutritional status, prior infection or simultaneous infections caused by others pathogen, general health conditions) and the characteristics of pathogen The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the risk factor of ARI in toddlers at working area of Public Health Center Jati Raya In Kendari Municipality 2012 This research is an analytic observational with case control design The sample in the research were 68 case respondents and 68 control respondents taken by using purposive sampling, the respondent is the toddler’s mother Data is collected from August to October 2012 at working area of Public Health Center Jati Raya In Kendari Municipality by conducting interview through questionnaire Data is analyzed by using odds ratio statistic test and presented in form of univariate and bivariate table The result of this research show that the density of dwelling house (OR=3,596) and smoke exposure (OR=7,8) are the risk factor for the existence of ARI in toddlers, while exclusive breastfeeding is a protective factor for the existence of ARI in toddlersFrom these result it could be concluded that the density of dwelling house and smoke exposure are the risk factor exclusive breastfeeding is a protective factor for the existence of ARI in toddlers at working area of Public Health Center Jati Raya In Kendari Municipality 2012 Key Words: ARI, density of dwelling house, smoke exposure, exclusive breastfeeding

Asriati Asriati

Papers

Analisis faktor risiko kejadian infeksi saluran pernapasan akut pada anak balita