With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into high-quality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13593-017-0452-8.pdf

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.

Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed and Human Food

During the last five years the scientific knowledge on insects as food and feed has been growing exponentially. At the same time, the industrial sector is increasingly engaged in rearing, processin...

/pdf/insects-as-food-and-feed-a-new-emerging-agricultural-sector-1s4ce4o49k.pdf

Insects as food and feed, a new emerging agricultural sector: a review

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L., develops on organic wastes, reducing ecological pollution and converting waste biomass into protein and fat rich insect biomass. BSF can replace increasingly expensive protein sources used in poultry, aquaculture and livestock compound diet formulation, such as fish meal and soybean meal, which holds the potential to alleviate future food and feed insecurity. The fate of nutritional spectra in BSF during its life cycle phases is still poorly understood. This study assessed metabolic changes in nutrition composition of BSF from egg to adult. A rapid increase of crude fat content was observed since the development of 4-14 days of larvae with its maximum level reaching 28.4% in dry mass, whereas the crude protein displayed a continuous decreasing trend in the same development phases with minimum level of 38% at larval phase (12 days) and peak level of 46.2% at early pupa stage. A sharp drop in crude fat was noticed from early prepupae to late pupae (24.2%, 8.2% respectively). However crude protein shows its maximum value being 57.6% at postmortem adult stage with 21.6% fat level. In addition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition in different development stages of BSF were presented and compared. Findings from this study could provide podium to food and feed industry for framing a strategy for specific molecular nutritional component intake into the diets of humans, aquaculture and animals. It is also indicated that BSF is a possible insect which can be applied to combating the food scarcity of countries where micronutrient deficiency is prevalent. Moreover it contributes to advance exploring for developmental and metabolic biology of this edible insect.

/pdf/dynamic-changes-of-nutrient-composition-throughout-the-hreiai5okx.pdf

Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly

Conversion of mixtures of dairy manure and soybean curd residue by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.)

This study focuses on the application of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L) as a bioconversion agent of the rice straw to reduce amount of waste while in the same time produced larvae biomass In this study, larvae were fed with rice straw at six different feed rates (125, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/larvae/day) until larvae reached prepupal stage During study, relative growth, relative consumption rate, and waste reduction level were measured Daily feeding of 200 mg of grinded rice straw per larvae resulted in the highest prepupal dry weight (1559 ± 001 mg), lowest developmental time (39 ± 01 days), but lowest waste reduction efficiency (1085 ± 00005%) Highest waste reduction efficiency was recorded by larvae feed rate of 125 mg/larvae/day (3153 ± 001%) and decreased with higher feeding rate This study showed the possibility of production of insect larvae biomass as through bioconversion process of agricultural waste rich with lignocellulose

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartK/4-3-163-796.pdf

Bioconversion of Rice straw waste by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) : Optimal feed rate for biomass production

In the National Medium-Term Plan 2020-2024 on marine and fisheries sector, the government has set a work plan to integrate several fishing ports. The integration of fishing ports connects all fishing ports in Indonesia in an integral part and a system that supports each other which can be connected to domestic and international markets. The scoring system has been applied in 22 fishing ports to determine the fishing ports as a hub (center), sub-hub, feeders, and sub-feeders. The score value 3.50 above is determined for the fishing port as a hub, while the Sub-Hub has a scoring value 3.50 to 2.60. Scoring value <2.60 is designated as feeder ports. From the analysis and scoring results on 22 fishing ports in Indonesia, there are 4 Hub ports, namely PPS Belawan, PPS Nizam Zachman Jakarta, PPS Bitung, and PPS Kendari. While for the feeder port, were set in 9 fishing ports namely PPN Sungai Liat, PPN Tanjung Pandan, PPN Karangantu, PPN Kejawan, PPN Pengambengan, PPN Kwandang, PPN Ambon, PPN Tual, and PPN Teluk Batang. In order, for Sub-Hub, determined 9 fishing ports (PPS Bungus, PPS Cilacap, PPN Sibolga, PPN Pelabuhanratu, PPN Pekalongan, PPN Prigi, PPN Brondong, PPN Pemangkat, and PPN Ternate. To optimize and increase the operational services of its fishing ports in an integrated system, the government should revitalize the fishing ports to increase and rehabilitate all facilities based on national and international standards.

Determination of hub and feeder: as a concept to integrate fishing ports in Indonesia

Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl. has an attractive of leaves veins motif with letters pattern, so it has a high economic value. Tissue culture technique is reported as the best way of plant propagation in short time. BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) has a role in stimulating shoot growth with a certain concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Various Concentration BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) on Orchid Growth (M petola (Blume) Lindl.) in vitro. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 concentration BAP levels (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5 ppm) with 3 replication. Based on the results of the study, it showed that up to 60 DAP (Day After Planting) the composition of the media with a concentration of 0 ppm BAP had a higher average value for the increase in the stem height, number of shoots and number of roots, namely 1.77±0.798 cm, 2.4 ± 1,528 shoot and 2.4 ± 2,082 root. In contrast to the concentration of 1.5 ppm at this concentration it has a low average value the parameters of stem height, number of shoots and number of roots.

Ateng Supriatna

Papers

Bioconversion of Rice straw waste by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) : Optimal feed rate for biomass production

Determination of hub and feeder: as a concept to integrate fishing ports in Indonesia

The Effect of Various Concentration BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) on Orchid Growth (Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl.) In-Vitro