Phonological mean length of utterance (PMLU) is a whole word measure for measuring phonological proficiency. It measures the length of a child’s word and the number of correct consonants. The present study investigated the phonological length of utterance in native Kannada speaking children of 3 to 7 years age. A total of 400 subjects in the age range of 3-7 years participated in the study. Spontaneous speech samples were elicited from each child and analyzed for PMLU as per the rules suggested by Ingram. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test were employed to compare the differences between the means of PMLU scores across the gender and the age respectively. The result revealed increase in PMLU score as the age increased suggesting a developmental trend in PMLU acquisition. No statistically significant differences were observed between the means of PMLU scores across the gender.

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LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Emotions Across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and Universals: Emotional universals

Abstract Keyword analysis is used in a range of sub-disciplines of applied linguistics from genre analyses to critically-oriented studies for different purposes ranging from producing a general characterization of a genre to identifying text-specific ideological issues. This study compares the use of log-likelihood (LL), a probability statistic, and odds ratio (OR), an effect size statistic, for keyword identification and argues that the two methods produce different keywords applicable to research focusing on different purposes. Through two case studies, keyword analyses of advance fee scams against the British National Corpus and research articles in applied linguistics against research articles from other academic disciplines, we show that both the LL and OR keywords concern the aboutness of the corpus, but differ in their specificity and pervasiveness through the corpus. LL highlights words which are relatively common in general use serving genre purposes, whereas OR highlights more specialized words serving critically-oriented purposes. Methodological and practical contributions to keyword analysis are discussed.

Log-likelihood and odds ratio: Keyness statistics for different purposes of keyword analysis

Nativization of English in the Outer and Expanding Circles manifests itself in mixing of English items in artistic expressions of various kinds, including fiction, poetry, and performances. Popular songs present many instances of Hindi–English mixing in India, ranging from alternate verses in the two languages to the two languages mixed at the level of words, phrases, idioms, etc. In East Asian languages, such as Japanese and Korean, English is mixed to achieve specific purposes, e.g., to be “audacious,”“exotic,” and “to reexoticize” their own language (Stanlaw, 2004), or to assert “a new identity” and to represent “a discourse of resistance”(Lee, 2004). In contrast, one salient motivation for mixing English in Hindi popular songs is to have fun with the language, i.e., to create humor and parody Westernized youth, similar to mixing with Sanskrit to create humor and parody the Traditional life style. English is no longer a fresh instrument to be used with a serious intent of asserting identities or resisting the traditional and customary. It is used on par with other Indian languages such as Punjabi, Marathi, and Telugu, testifying to its status as totally and completely nativized in the Indian context.

Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture

This research aims to investigate and understand high school students’ perspectives of using Smartphone use in learning English as a Foreign Language. In the era where learning can be done anytime everywhere, Smartphone become one of significant tools in education. Students can learn English from mobile applications and from open access courses available for them to access anytime everywhere. They can also seek online learning support around the world only by using their Smartphone. We were sending online survey to our potential respondents and gained 250 high school students from five high schools in Gorontalo, Indonesia who participated in this research. The results show that the majority of respondents

Karmila Machmud : Peereviewer Learning English as a Foreign Language in the Disruptive Digital Era: The Smartphone Use in EFL Instructions

In recent years, the sociolinguistic theory of code-switching and code-mixing has been a source of great interest among scholars worldwide. The phenomenon is common in such multilingual societies as India. Most known cases of code-switching are, however, restricted to the spoken form, in which English is liberally interspersed with such regional languages as Hindi, Marathi, and Telugu. What has not yet significantly caught the attention of scholars is the notion of such switching and mixing in print. This practice is however particularly prevalent among writers in popular magazines, who resort to written code-switching for a variety of reasons. The present paper endeavours to examine the causes of the popularity of this style of writing in the light of some accepted theories of multilingualism.

Code-mixing with a difference

‘C-a-t, cat. Cat mane billi; r-a-t, rat mane chooha’ went a song from a Hindi film of the fifties (mane = ‘means’, billi = ‘cat’, chooha = ‘rat’). The song, enormously popular with Indian youth of that generation, was scoffed at by the then contemporary purists who found it hard to accept such ‘blatant’ dilution of the Hindi language. This song, like a few more of its times, was merely an exception to the largely acceptable language of songs, then largely a mix of Hindi, Urdu and Persian. English was, thus, used in songs either when it depicted (literally, since songs are acted out as autonomous scenes in Bollywood) a comic actor in a light-hearted situation or a semi-literate character desperate to accommodate to the urban ways of life. A celebrated song from Gopi, a Hindi film of the early seventies, goes a step forward with its novel coinage. The hero is a rustic who tries to impress his fellow villagers by dressing up in city (read English) style and sings:Gentleman gentleman, gentleman/London se aaya mein ban-than ke……Yeh dekh mera suita/Yeh dekh mera boota/Yeh dekh mera comba

English in film songs from India: an overview

The article is a study of correlation between stardom and high fashion (haute couture) in postliberalized India Apart from its well-documented implications on the Indian economy, the phenomenon of liberalization also impacted the way Hindi film stars became vehicles for international brands, on and off screen My aim is to understand the iconography of actor Sonam Kapoor who is the face of a global brand of cosmetics, and also a fashion icon of Hindi cinema, a perfect embodiment of the aspirations of the upwardly mobile, urban youth The article conflates theories of fashion, star iconography and celebrity culture It predominantly tests Richard Dyer's contention, ‘Star images are always extensive, multimedia, intertextual’ (Heavenly Bodies, 2011, 3); Stella Bruzzi's conclusion that ‘where the fashionable, too beautiful woman is concerned the issues of identity and identification become problematized, as the focus has shifted away from the woman herself to the art and spectacle of her clothes’ (Undressin

Haute couture and the discourse of stardom in globalized times: Sonam Kapoor as Hindi cinema's representative fashion icon

New York is foregrounded in the works of many American writers. As evident in their works, the city has been a formative influence on writers as well as their output. New York appears as an entity by itself, sometimes as a benevolent multicultural melting pot and at other times as a dehumanizing centre of cold materialism populated by an inexhaustible variety of phonies. The present article discusses how Arthur Miller has individuated New York in his various writings, and examines the shift in the writer’s perception of the metropolis over the years. It is observed that, despite his vociferousness about his increasing disdain, most of his major works are grounded in the ethos of the city. Miller repeatedly presents a view of the city, encompassing its streets, its multi-ethnic character, its people, culture and, of course, its unique language. Since Miller’s prolific output makes it practically impossible to assess even all of his prominent works, this article is necessarily selective in its treatment of ...

Arthur Miller and the New York state of being

https://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/1845/1685

Aysha Iqbal Viswamohan

Papers

Code-mixing with a difference

English in film songs from India: an overview

Haute couture and the discourse of stardom in globalized times: Sonam Kapoor as Hindi cinema's representative fashion icon

Arthur Miller and the New York state of being

Postliberalization Indian novels in English : politics of global reception and awards